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Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... May 2023Based on the evidence level, the first-line agents for managing essential tremors include sympathomimetic agents and primidone; however, from a tolerability standpoint,...
Based on the evidence level, the first-line agents for managing essential tremors include sympathomimetic agents and primidone; however, from a tolerability standpoint, sympathomimetic agents are the first choice. Arotinolol is the first treatment of choice because it is the only drug developed in Japan approved for treating essential tremors. If sympathomimetic agents are unavailable or ineffective, a change to primidone, or a combination of both, should be considered. Benzodiazepines and other anti-epileptic drugs should also be administered.
Topics: Humans; Primidone; Essential Tremor; Sympathomimetics; Japan; Anticonvulsants
PubMed: 37194529
DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202376 -
Epilepsia Dec 1975Diphenylhydantoin, primidone, and phenobarbital were determined in saliva and plasma of 164 patients by gas-liquid chromatography. The saliva ratio was about one-tenth...
Diphenylhydantoin, primidone, and phenobarbital were determined in saliva and plasma of 164 patients by gas-liquid chromatography. The saliva ratio was about one-tenth in patients on diphenylhydantoin, 0.32-0.38 on phenobarbital alone and with other drugs, 0.97 and 0.96 on primidone alone and with other drugs. The S/P ratio of phenobarbital was similar in patients treated with primidone alone or with co-medication. For diphenylhydantoin and primidone, the S/P and CSF/plasma ratio were similar; for phenobarbital the S/P ratio was lower due to the difference in pH of saliva and CSF. Thus the concentration in saliva serves as a measure of the nonprotein-bound or free concentration in plasma with the advantage that saliva is easy to obtain. Co-medication does not change the S/P ratio for the three drugs studied. The high correlation between levels in plasma and in saliva allows the plasma levels to be predicted from the concentration in saliva.
Topics: Humans; Kinetics; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Primidone; Saliva
PubMed: 1222748
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1975.tb04758.x -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Dec 1999This paper describes the preparation of primidone-loaded poly-epsilon-caprolactone nanocapsules according to the interfacial deposition technique. The colloidal... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This paper describes the preparation of primidone-loaded poly-epsilon-caprolactone nanocapsules according to the interfacial deposition technique. The colloidal suspension obtained showed a monomodal size distribution with a mean diameter ranging from 308 to 352 nm. By adjusting the process parameters, the encapsulation efficiency was about 74% with good reproducibility. Primidone release from the nanocapsules was found to be slower as compared to the oily control solution despite an important burst-effect. The release profile was not influenced by the pH of the release medium.
Topics: Caproates; Capsules; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Lactones; Oils; Particle Size; Polymers; Primidone; Reproducibility of Results; Solubility; Time Factors
PubMed: 10581427
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00325-7 -
Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Mar 1982Fourteen epileptic women treated with primidone, either alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs, were studied prospectively during their pregnancy. Plasma...
Fourteen epileptic women treated with primidone, either alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs, were studied prospectively during their pregnancy. Plasma levels of primidone and its metabolites were monitored and correlated to findings in the offspring. Maternal serum concentrations of primidone and metabolites were generally low during pregnancy. The levels of its main metabolites--phenobarbital and PEMA--were found to drop within the first month of pregnancy in two cases. The plasma concentrations remained low until birth and rose sharply thereafter. The phenobarbital/primidone ratio (mean 0.84) and PEMA/primidone ratio (mean 0.56) in pregnant patients were found to be lower than in non-pregnant patients, except when primidone was given in combination with phenytoin in which case the expected phenobarbital/primidone (mean 2.5) and PEMA/primidone (mean 1.5) ratios were found. A ventricular septal defect was found in one of the offspring of the fourteen mothers and five children had microcephaly. There was a high incidence of poor somatic development with dystrophy (n=3) and short stature (n=2). Head circumferences (n=8), lengths (n=4) and/or weights (n=8) were below the 10th percentile in a number of children. Four children showed marked facial dysmorphy. Our preliminary data suggest that primidone intake during pregnancy may be important in the pathogenesis of minor anomalies and in the induction of poor somatic development.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Child Development; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kinetics; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Primidone
PubMed: 7136638
DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09418.x -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Jan 1981Primidone given to a patient for epilepsy produced an unexpected reduction in benign familial tremor. Over the next eight years the drug was therefore tried in a...
Primidone given to a patient for epilepsy produced an unexpected reduction in benign familial tremor. Over the next eight years the drug was therefore tried in a prospective study of 20 other patients with benign familial tremor alone. Of these, six could not tolerate the drug because of vertigo and nausea but 12 obtained a good response, which in some cases was dramatic. Investigations in two patients suggested that the effect was mediated predominantly by derived phenylethylmalonamide, though primidone had some effect, since tremor recurred slightly on withdrawing the drug despite a constant or rising blood phenylethylmalonamide concentration. Primidone is highly effective in benign familial tremor. More patients with the condition are intolerant of the drug than are usually found with epilepsy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenobarbital; Phenylethylmalonamide; Primidone; Propranolol; Prospective Studies; Tremor
PubMed: 6779938
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.282.6259.178 -
Epilepsia Dec 1970
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Biotransformation; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Gas; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Primidone
PubMed: 5278206
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03905.x -
Neurology Aug 1988
Topics: Aged; Humans; Male; Posture; Primidone; Tremor
PubMed: 3399088
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.38.8.1332 -
Journal of Neurosurgery Feb 1977
Topics: Animals; Carbamazepine; Pain; Phenytoin; Primidone; Rats; Syndrome
PubMed: 556759
DOI: 10.3171/jns.1977.46.2.0267 -
Pediatric Neurology 1988Primidone can be used for seizures refractory to standard antiepileptic drugs. We administered primidone, 25 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses, to 10 patients and obtained...
Primidone can be used for seizures refractory to standard antiepileptic drugs. We administered primidone, 25 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses, to 10 patients and obtained serum levels of primidone, phenobarbital, and phenylethylmalonic acid at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours on day 1, alternate days until discharge, and after 6 weeks. Other antiepileptic drugs were discontinued in 8 of 10 patients with refractory seizures. Mean primidone levels were 10.6 +/- 4.4 micrograms/ml by day 3 and remained stable until discharge. Phenylethylmalonic acid was detected by 6 hours and increased to 11.1 +/- 4.0 micrograms/ml by day 7. Phenobarbital levels in 3 of 10 patients not previously treated with phenobarbital ranged from 0.6-3.4 micrograms/ml by day 5. The mean initial phenobarbital level was 30.1 +/- 10.5 micrograms/ml and had decreased to less than 15 micrograms/ml by day 7. Seizure control occurred within 5 days in 8 of 10 patients and was achieved by day 3 in 6 of 8 patients, coinciding with primidone levels greater than 10 micrograms/ml. No toxic effects of primidone were observed. All levels decreased during subsequent examinations suggesting auto-induction of metabolic systems. Our data indicate that seizure control is best correlated with primidone and phenylethylmalonic acid levels and unrelated to phenobarbital levels in this age group.
Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Phenobarbital; Primidone; Seizures
PubMed: 3242532
DOI: 10.1016/0887-8994(88)90068-9 -
Neurology Jul 1987
Review
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Humans; Primidone; Tremor
PubMed: 2885784
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.37.7.1194