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Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Apr 2022When applying botulinum toxin in the upper third of the face, it is important to consider the balance between the elevator and depressor muscles of the eyebrows.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
When applying botulinum toxin in the upper third of the face, it is important to consider the balance between the elevator and depressor muscles of the eyebrows. Depressor supercilii muscle block leads to elevation of the medial portion of the eyebrow and correction of the oblique lines in the frown.
OBJECTIVES
The intention is to highlight the importance of the depressor supercilii muscle block as a useful tool to reposition the medial portion of the eyebrow.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Three cases are presented, in whom botulinum toxin is applied conventionally and subsequently on the depressor supercilii muscle after the subjective sensation of flattening of the glabella and increasing distance between the eyebrows referred by the patients.
RESULTS
The application of botulinum toxin type A on the depressor supercilii muscle is an effective measure to facilitate the elevation of the medial portion of the eyebrow, after the conventional application in between the eyebrows treating the orbicularis, corrugator, and procerus muscles.
CONCLUSIONS
Depressor supercilii muscle block can be considered when applying botulinum toxin type A in the upper third of the face, in cases where there is loss of facial aesthetic harmony. This is given by the subjective perspective of the patient due to a change in the natural expression of their face with a sensation of flattening of the glabella and distancing of the medial portion of the eyebrows, occurring after the use of a conventional technique at that anatomical level, where patients may report a "feline" or "avatar" appearance.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Esthetics; Eyebrows; Facial Muscles; Forehead; Humans
PubMed: 35175677
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14856 -
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2018This sign is observed in atypical parkinsonism mainly in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. The exact mechanism of this sign is not clear but the contraction of the...
This sign is observed in atypical parkinsonism mainly in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. The exact mechanism of this sign is not clear but the contraction of the Corrugator Supercilii muscle is the most important factor for the generation of vertical forehead creases. Though the wrinkling of forehead is a complex phenomenon involving multiple muscles but the 'Corrugator sign' would be a better term to describe this phenomenon. Despite the controversies regarding the mechanism and nomenclature, the 'Procerus sign' remains an important clinical clue for early Progressive Supranuclear palsy.
PubMed: 30122846
DOI: 10.4103/aian.AIAN_408_17 -
Aesthetic Surgery Journal Aug 2021Facial aging is a multifactorial process that involves all tissues of the face, including skin, muscles, fat, ligaments, and bone. Whereas robust evidence is available...
BACKGROUND
Facial aging is a multifactorial process that involves all tissues of the face, including skin, muscles, fat, ligaments, and bone. Whereas robust evidence is available for age-related changes of bone and facial fat, the influence of age on facial muscle activity is poorly understood.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to investigate the motor unit action potential of facial muscles by utilizing surface-derived, noninvasive electromyography in young and old healthy volunteers.
METHODS
The study investigated a total of 32 healthy volunteers with a mean [standard deviation] age of 42.6 [19.6] years (range, 21-82 years) and a mean BMI of 23.9 [2.7] kg/m2 (range, 18.5-29.7 kg/m2) by performing surface-derived, noninvasive facial electromyography. Nine facial muscles were investigated bilaterally, resulting in a total of 1632 measurements of the signal, baseline noise, and signal-to-noise ratio of these muscles.
RESULTS
The results of the study revealed that age does not significantly influence the signal (P = 0.234), the baseline noise (P = 0.225), or the signal-to-noise ratio (P = 0.432) of younger individuals (<30 years) vs older individuals (>50 years) in a gender- and BMI-matched statistical model. Exceptions were the zygomaticus major muscle (reduced activity), procerus muscle (increased activity), and corrugator supercilii muscle (increased activity).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this facial electromyography study may help to increase the understanding of facial aging. Future studies need to reproduce the results presented herein to further increase our understanding of facial aging.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Electromyography; Face; Facial Expression; Facial Muscles; Humans; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 33942051
DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab202 -
Dermatologic Surgery : Official... May 2013Botulinum toxin is a powerful and often used agent to treat dynamic rhytides. Focal and reversible neurogenic atrophy is considered to be the relevant mechanism of...
BACKGROUND
Botulinum toxin is a powerful and often used agent to treat dynamic rhytides. Focal and reversible neurogenic atrophy is considered to be the relevant mechanism of action.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the loss and regain of muscular volume in relation to clinical wrinkle severity as assessed using standardized scales.
METHODS
The facial procerus and corrugator supercilii muscles were injected in two drug-naïve men with 20 U of onabotulinumtoxinA at five injection points (onA). Two men served as controls (one with the same volume of placebo injection using saline solution, one without any intervention). All subjects underwent 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging before and after the injection and 1, 4, 6, 10, and 12 months after the injection. Standardized photographs were taken at each test point.
RESULTS
Volumetric muscle analysis revealed a 46% to 48% reduction in procerus muscle volume lasting for 12 months after a single dose of onA; glabellar line severity returned to the drug-naïve status after 6 to 10 months.
CONCLUSION
The gap between long-term focal muscular atrophy and regained function remains to be elucidated. Future studies will be needed to investigate the complex interaction between focal neurogenic atrophy and potential compensatory functional muscle changes.
Topics: Adult; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Facial Muscles; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Muscular Atrophy; Neuromuscular Agents; Skin Aging
PubMed: 23379599
DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12125 -
Muscle & Nerve Sep 2013In this study we describe a protocol for quantitative ultrasound of facial muscles (procerus, zygomaticus major, levator labii superior, depressor anguli oris, mentalis,...
INTRODUCTION
In this study we describe a protocol for quantitative ultrasound of facial muscles (procerus, zygomaticus major, levator labii superior, depressor anguli oris, mentalis, orbicularis oris pars labialis, orbicularis oris pars marginalis).
METHODS
Muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI) were measured in 12 healthy subjects and a myotonic dystrophy type 1 patient.
RESULTS
MTs ranged from 0.15 to 0.30 mm, except for the procerus muscle (0.06 mm). EIs ranged from 1 to 34, except for the procerus muscle. MT reproducibility was fair for the orbicularis oris pars labialis, excellent for the procerus and levator labii, and good for the other muscles. The myotonic dystrophy type 1 patient showed high EIs, outside the range in healthy subjects in 6 of the 7 muscles. MT was lower than the range seen in healthy subjects in 4 muscles.
CONCLUSION
Quantitative muscle ultrasound of the facial muscles is feasible and shows moderate to excellent reproducibility.
Topics: Adult; Facial Muscles; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myotonic Dystrophy; Reproducibility of Results; Ultrasonography; Young Adult
PubMed: 23893891
DOI: 10.1002/mus.23769 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Dec 2002
Topics: Aged; Brain Diseases; Facial Muscles; Facies; Female; Humans; Neurologic Examination; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
PubMed: 12521196
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.41.1101 -
Toxins May 2022Botulinum neurotoxin injection surrounding the nose area is frequently used in aesthetic settings. However, there is a shortage of thorough anatomical understanding that... (Review)
Review
Botulinum neurotoxin injection surrounding the nose area is frequently used in aesthetic settings. However, there is a shortage of thorough anatomical understanding that makes it difficult to treat wrinkles in the nose area. In this study, the anatomical aspects concerning the injection of botulinum neurotoxin into the nasalis, procerus, and levator labii superioris alaeque muscles are assessed. In addition, the present knowledge on localizing the botulinum neurotoxin injection point from a newer anatomy study is assessed. It was observed that, for the line-associated muscles in the nose region, the injection point may be more precisely defined. The optimal injection sites are the nasalis, procerus, and levator labii superioris alaeque muscles, and the injection technique is advised. We advise the best possible injection sites in association with anatomical standards for commonly injected muscles to increase efficiency in the nose region by removing the wrinkles. Similarly, these suggestions support a more precise procedure.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Facial Muscles; Injections; Nose; Skin Aging
PubMed: 35622589
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050342 -
Neurology Jun 2002
Topics: Facial Expression; Facial Muscles; Humans; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
PubMed: 12084900
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.58.12.1866-a -
Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North... May 2022Nonsurgical rhinoplasty procedures using soft tissue fillers have gained popularity. With the increasing frequency of such procedures, the incidence of intra-arterial... (Review)
Review
Nonsurgical rhinoplasty procedures using soft tissue fillers have gained popularity. With the increasing frequency of such procedures, the incidence of intra-arterial injection of soft tissue filler material and subsequent ischemia has also risen. This article analyzes the topographic anatomy of the dorsal nasal artery in the nasal soft tissue to potentially enhance patient safety in nonsurgical rhinoplasty procedures. The dorsal nasal artery shows a variable topographic course, especially in relationship to the procerus muscle. By understanding the topographic courses of the dorsal nasal artery, aesthetic practitioners may be able to perform nonsurgical rhinoplasty procedures with increased safety and efficacy.
Topics: Arteries; Esthetics; Humans; Nose; Rhinoplasty
PubMed: 35501050
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2022.01.002 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Aug 2017The aim of this study was to clarify the anatomical relationship of the procerus with the nose, especially focusing on the transverse part of the nasalis, the nasal ala,...
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to clarify the anatomical relationship of the procerus with the nose, especially focusing on the transverse part of the nasalis, the nasal ala, and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The 53 faces from Korean cadavers were examined anatomically.
RESULTS
The procerus originated from the superficial and deep layers in all specimens. Some fibers of the lateral part of the superficial layer extended to connect to the transverse part of the nasalis, while other such fibers extended to attach to the skin of the upper nasal ala in all specimens. The superficial and deep layers of the procerus merged and then intermingled with the frontalis. The anatomical relationship between the superficial layer of the procerus and the LLSAN was classified into the following two categories according to their connections. Some medial originating fibers of the LLSAN extended superomedially to blend in the area between the superficial layer of the procerus and the depressor supercilii (13.5%). And, some medial originating fibers of the LLSAN extended superomedially and then constituted the lateral portion of the superficial layer of the procerus (7.7%).
CONCLUSION
This study has yielded crucial data for understanding the anatomical relationships and functions of the procerus in relation to the nose. They will be helpful when designing effective therapies involving botulinum toxin type A, performing various types of rhinoplasty and facial surgeries, and in electromyography analyses.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anatomic Landmarks; Cadaver; Dissection; Facial Muscles; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 28132092
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-017-1817-z