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Current Medicinal Chemistry 2015Mitochondria are responsible for coordinating cellular energy production in the vast majority of somatic cells, and every cell type in a specific state can have a... (Review)
Review
Mitochondria are responsible for coordinating cellular energy production in the vast majority of somatic cells, and every cell type in a specific state can have a distinct metabolic signature. The metabolic requirements of cells from different tissues changes as they proliferate/differentiate, and cellular metabolism must match these demands. Proliferating cells, namely cancer cells and stem cells, tend to prefer glycolysis rather than a more oxidative metabolism. This preference has been exploited for the improvement of new biotechnological and therapeutic applications. In this review, we describe mitochondrial dynamics and energy metabolism modulation during nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells, which will be essential for the development and optimization of new protocols for regenerative medicine, disease modeling and toxicological screens involving patient-specific reprogrammed cells.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cellular Reprogramming; Humans; Mitochondria; Neoplasms; Stem Cells
PubMed: 25973982
DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150514095718 -
Infection and Immunity Mar 1996Cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) or infected with strain 2308 (S2308) had lymph node lymphocytes which proliferated most when incubated with...
Cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) or infected with strain 2308 (S2308) had lymph node lymphocytes which proliferated most when incubated with 32-, 27-, 18-, or <18-kDa proteins of either SRB51 or S2308. Some S2308-infected cattle but no SRB51-vaccinated cattle had lymphocytes which proliferated in response to 80- and 49-kDa proteins of SRB51 and S2308. These results suggest that cattle vaccinated with SRB51 or infected with S2308 have lymphocytes which proliferate in response to most of the same S2308 proteins and that the immunodominant protein antigens of SRB51 and S2308 have similar molecular masses of 32, 27, 18, and <18 kDa.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Brucella abortus; Brucellosis, Bovine; Cattle; Female; Lymphocyte Activation; Vaccination
PubMed: 8641749
DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.3.1007-1010.1996 -
The Journal of General Virology Apr 2004Human B cells isolated from peripheral blood were activated and induced to proliferate by either Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or the T cell-derived mitogens CD40 ligand...
Human B cells isolated from peripheral blood were activated and induced to proliferate by either Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or the T cell-derived mitogens CD40 ligand (CD40L) plus interleukin (IL)-4. Although both populations initially proliferated as B-blasts, significant differences were revealed over a longer period. EBV infection resulted in continuously proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), whereas most of the CD40L/IL-4-stimulated B cells had a finite proliferative lifespan of 3-4 weeks. Cell cycle analysis, trypan blue staining and Western blot analysis for cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) all demonstrated that the decrease in proliferation in CD40L/IL-4-stimulated B cells is not due to cell death. Instead, these cells arrest, accumulate in G(0)/G(1) and undergo alterations in cell surface marker expression, cellular morphology and immunoglobulin production, all consistent with plasmacytoid differentiation. In contrast, B cells infected with EBV continued to proliferate and retained a blast-like phenotype. Differences in both cytokine production and the expression of cell cycle regulators were identified between the two B-cell populations, which might contribute to the differentiation of the CD40L/IL-4-stimulated B cells and suggest potential mechanisms by which EBV may overcome this. The study has also identified a window of opportunity during which a comparison of isogenic populations of EBV- and mitogen-driven B blasts can be made.
Topics: Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte; B-Lymphocyte Subsets; CD40 Ligand; Cell Cycle; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Interleukin-4; Lymphocyte Activation; Mitogens; Plasma Cells; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 15039531
DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19704-0 -
Cell and Tissue Research 1984The processes of proliferation, cell division and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells have been studied during development of the fish, Barbus conchonius. On...
The processes of proliferation, cell division and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells have been studied during development of the fish, Barbus conchonius. On the 3rd day, nearly all cells of the presumptive gut proliferate. Once the intestinal epithelium begins to differentiate, a decreasing percentage of proliferative cells can be found. On the 7th day, when intestinal folds start to develop, the proliferative cells become restricted to the future basal parts of the folds. Ultrastructural examination of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells and mitotic cells of 6-day-old larvae shows that functional enterocytes are proliferative. The same feature is suggested for older fish. Proliferating undifferentiated "dark" cells, characterized by many free ribosomes and a few organelles, are also present in the intestinal epithelium of larval fish; they are considered to be stem cells, mainly for goblet cells. Proliferating goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells were not observed. The latter cell type is scarce and has a long turnover time. A common feature of all these dividing cells is the presence of isolated spherical to cylindrical lamellar structures which may have lost contact with the cell membrane during prophase; they probably regain this contact by fusion with the cell membrane at the end of mitosis.
Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; DNA Replication; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Epithelium; Fishes; Intestines; Microscopy, Electron; Thymidine; Tritium
PubMed: 6713508
DOI: 10.1007/BF00216533 -
Immunology Nov 2000A vaccine inducing protective immunity to a spirochaete-induced colitis of pigs predominantly stimulates expansion of CD8+ cells in vivo and in antigen-stimulated...
A vaccine inducing protective immunity to a spirochaete-induced colitis of pigs predominantly stimulates expansion of CD8+ cells in vivo and in antigen-stimulated lymphocyte cultures. CD8+ cells, however, are rarely considered necessary for protection against extracellular bacterial pathogens. In the present study, pigs recovering from colitis resulting from experimental infection with Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae had increased percentages of peripheral blood CD4- CD8+ (alphaalpha-expressing) cells compared with non-infected pigs. CD8alphaalpha+ cells proliferated in antigen-stimulated cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from B. hyodysenteriae-vaccinated pigs. Proliferating CD8alphaalpha+ cells consisted of CD4-, CD4+ and gammadelta T-cell receptor-positive cells. CD4- CD8alphabeta+ cells from vaccinated or infected pigs did not proliferate upon in vitro antigen stimulation. Of the CD8alphaalpha cells that had proliferated, flow cytometric analysis indicated that the majority of the CD4+ CD8+ cells were large (i.e. lymphoblasts) whereas the CD4- CD8+ cells were predominantly small. Addition of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for either porcine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II antigens diminished B. hyodysenteriae-specific proliferative responses whereas addition of mAb to porcine MHC II, but not porcine MHC I, reduced the CD8alphaalpha response. In vitro depletion of CD4+ cells by flow cytometric cell sorting diminished, but did not completely abrogate, the proliferative response of cells from vaccinated pigs to B. hyodysenteriae antigen stimulation. These results suggest that CD8alphaalpha cells are involved in recovery and possibly protection from a spirochaete-induced colitis of pigs; yet, this response appears to be partially dependent upon CD4+ cells.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Brachyspira hyodysenteriae; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Division; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; Spirochaetales Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; Vaccination
PubMed: 11106936
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00114.x -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Aug 1978The relative roles of blood cell products and plasma factors on endothelial cell proliferation were evaluated by studying the proliferative response of human umbilical...
The relative roles of blood cell products and plasma factors on endothelial cell proliferation were evaluated by studying the proliferative response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to cell free plasma derived serum (CFPDS), whole blood serum (WBS), platelet released factors, fibroblast growth factor and macrophage conditioned medium in vitro. Human adult arterial smooth muscle cells were treated in a similar manner for comparison. The rate of endothelial cell proliferation was directly related to the concentrations of both WBS and CFPDS. Grwoth rate in WBS was marginally greater than that observed in CFPDS during early culture, however, similar confluent densities were achieved. The addition of platelet released factors to CFPDS did not further stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. In contrast smooth muscle cells were quiescent in CFPDS despite increasing serum concentrations, but proliferated actively in response to platelet released factors. Both human macrophage conditioned medium and fibroblast growth factor increased endothelial cell proliferation significantly when compared with CFPDS alone. It is concluded that endothelial cell proliferation in preconfluent cultures is dependent on plasma factors while human vascular smooth muscle cells also require cell derived mitogens such as platelet growth factor to proliferate. The release of a substance by human macrophages mitogenic for endothelial cells may be involved in endothelial cell proliferation in vivo.
Topics: Blood; Blood Platelets; Cell Division; DNA; Endothelium; Fibroblasts; Growth Substances; Macrophages; Muscle, Smooth; Plasma
PubMed: 670305
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040960209 -
The Journal of Oral Implantology 2000For successful dental implants, it is necessary to obtain satisfactory osteointegration at the site of both the cortical and trabecular bones in the jaw. Bone marrow... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
For successful dental implants, it is necessary to obtain satisfactory osteointegration at the site of both the cortical and trabecular bones in the jaw. Bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into osteoblast-lineage cells and have an important role in bone remodeling. In this experiment, the responsiveness of bone marrow cells to a titanium plate with a rough surface was compared with that of a titanium plate with a smooth surface. The rough surface was created by treating with a wire-type electrical discharge machine, and the smooth plate was produced by polishing with 1.500-grade emery paper. The results indicated that, though bone marrow cells proliferated on both plates, the proliferation pattern and cell growing time on the plates were different. While the cells on the smooth plate proliferated along the grooves produced by polishing, the cells on the rough plate proliferated randomly and more rapidly. As bone marrow cells consisted of heterogeneous cell populations involving hematopoietic cells, we collected bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells that proliferated on plastic dishes and studied the proliferation and differentiation of these cells. Stromal cells on the rough plate more actively proliferated than those on the smooth plate. In long-term culture, the cells on the rough plate showed higher alkaline phosphatase activity and produced cell nodules. The cells on the smooth plate were stripped off the plate without nodule formation. These results indicated that bone marrow stromal cells on the rough plate could more rapidly proliferate and differentiate into osteoblast-lineage cells compared with those on the smooth plate.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Adhesion; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Dental Polishing; Electricity; Male; Materials Testing; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Osteoblasts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Surface Properties; Titanium
PubMed: 11831315
DOI: 10.1563/1548-1336(2000)026<0156:PADOBM>2.3.CO;2 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2021Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the products formed through a non-enzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with proteins or lipids. There is a potential for...
Methylglyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE4) Promote Cell Proliferation and Survival in Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells through the RAGE/Akt/ERK Signaling Pathways.
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the products formed through a non-enzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with proteins or lipids. There is a potential for toxicity in the case of AGEs produced through glycation with dicarbonyl compounds including methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone. The AGEs bind the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and stimulate the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway that can increase the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, AGE-induced protein kinase B (Akt) signaling can promote cancer cell proliferation and contribute to many diseases such as kidney cancer. In light of the lack of extensive study of the relationship between methylglyoxal-induced AGEs (AGE4) and renal cancer, we studied the proliferous and anti-apoptotic effects of AGE4 on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in this study. AGE4 treatment was involved in the proliferation and migration of RCC cells in vitro by upregulating proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and MMPs while suppressing apoptotic markers such as Bax and caspase 3. Moreover, Akt and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were phosphorylated in RCC cells with AGE4 treatment. As a result, this study demonstrated that AGE4-RAGE axis can promote the growth ability of RCC by inducing PCNA, MMPs, and inhibiting apoptosis in RCC via the Akt and ERK signaling pathways.
Topics: Blotting, Western; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Cell Cycle; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Flow Cytometry; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Pyruvaldehyde; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 34719646
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00382 -
Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology Apr 1994The non-astrocytic cells which proliferate in the rat brain after the induction of an area of necrosis have been characterized and counted by means of combined in vivo...
The non-astrocytic cells which proliferate in the rat brain after the induction of an area of necrosis have been characterized and counted by means of combined in vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) administration and immunohistochemical demonstration of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), vimentin, Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 (RCA-1), Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin (GSI-B4), keratan sulphate (KS), carbonic anhydrase C (CA.C), transferrin (TF) and ferritin. Two days after the injury, 7.5% of the proliferating cells were GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes, 5.7% were RCA-1-positive cells and 17.4% were GSI-B4-positive cells. Lectin-binding cells had the microscopic and ultrastructural aspects of microglia; they proliferated around the needle track and in the corpus callosum. Microglia represented a large fraction of the proliferating cells. Evidence is presented for the origin of at least a proportion of perilesional astrocytes and microglia from the periventricular matrix, and of microglia from blood precursors. Other non-proliferating microglia cells transiently appeared in the normal brain around the wound, in agreement with the existence of two different microglia cell populations reacting with different modalities to an area of necrosis.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Astrocytes; Brain Injuries; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Division; Immunohistochemistry; Microglia; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344
PubMed: 8072646
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1994.tb01175.x -
Endocrine Journal 2012The possibility that mature adipocytes proliferate has not been fully investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that adipocytes can proliferate....
The possibility that mature adipocytes proliferate has not been fully investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that adipocytes can proliferate. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled adipocyte like cells, most of which were less than 30 μm in diameter, were observed in adipose tissue. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was simultaneously detected in BrdU-labeled nuclei. Observation of individual mature adipocytes of smeared specimens on glass slides revealed that small sized adipocytes more frequently incorporated BrdU. Cultured mature adipocytes using the ceiling-cultured method showed clustering of proliferating cells in small-sized adipocytes. These small cultured adipocytes, but not large ones, extensively incorporated BrdU. Quantified analysis of BrdU incorporation demonstrated that mature visceral adipocytes, including epididymal, mesenteric and perirenal adipocytes, proliferated more actively than subcutaneous ones. On the other hand, treatment with pioglitazone (Pio), a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, containing food for 2w, elevated BrdU incorporation and expression of PCNA in mature adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous, but not visceral adipose tissue. Moreover, Pio induced increased BrdU-labeled small-sized subcutaneous adipocytes, which was associated with an increased number of total small adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. In conclusion, mature adipocytes have a subgroup representing the potential to replicate, and this proliferation is more active in visceral adipocytes. Treatment with Pio increases proliferation in subcutaneous adipocytes. These results may explain the mechanism of Pio-induced hyperplasia especially in subcutaneous adipocytes.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Pioglitazone; Primary Cell Culture; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Subcutaneous Fat; Thiazolidinediones
PubMed: 22972172
DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0259