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Acta Anatomica 1988Promethazine HCl (Phenergan) was added to the drinking water (2.4-9.6 mg/kg/day) of castrated adult male Holtzman rats. One group of castrates and a group of normal rats...
Promethazine HCl (Phenergan) was added to the drinking water (2.4-9.6 mg/kg/day) of castrated adult male Holtzman rats. One group of castrates and a group of normal rats received no drug and served as controls. Treatment was started at castration and continued for 4 months. After controlling for body weight, analyses of covariance and Student-Newman-Keuls tests revealed that promethazine did not prevent the development of femoral osteoporosis in the castrate rats. However, control rats (normal and untreated castrates) had significantly wider femora and thicker cortices at midshaft than did promethazine-treated animals. The results indicated that promethazine HCl had no effect on the development of femoral osteoporosis and retarded normal femoral expansion in the adult castrate male rats.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Disease Models, Animal; Femur; Male; Orchiectomy; Osteoporosis; Promethazine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 3414364
DOI: 10.1159/000146558 -
Obstetrics and Gynecology Nov 1982Seventeen severely Rh-sensitized women were treated with promethazine hydrochloride (Phenergan) in 18 pregnancies, according to a protocol described by Gusdon et al....
Seventeen severely Rh-sensitized women were treated with promethazine hydrochloride (Phenergan) in 18 pregnancies, according to a protocol described by Gusdon et al. There was an unequivocal amelioration of the disease process in 10 of the pregnancies. In 9 of these 10 pregnancies, the infant survived. In 4 of the pregnancies, promethazine proved an unnecessary therapy as the infants were Rh negative. Promethazine may or may not have been helpful in 2 pregnancies, both of which resulted in live-born infants. One pregnancy resulted in intrauterine fetal death subsequent to an intrauterine transfusion. This infant was later shown to have multiple congenital anomalies incompatible with life. In a subsequent pregnancy, the mother was again treated with promethazine and had a normal infant who survived after exchange transfusions. The one loss of a live-born infant resulted from a cardiac arrest during an exchange transfusion. On the basis of these observations, the authors agree with Gusdon et al that promethazine does have an ameliorating effect on Rh-sensitized pregnancies.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Promethazine; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System
PubMed: 6815600
DOI: No ID Found -
Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal... Jun 2006
Topics: Asthma; Child; Female; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Promethazine
PubMed: 16836869
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Chromatography. B,... Apr 2002Three chiral stationary phases based on macrocyclic antibiotics (teicoplanin, vancomycin and ristocetin A) have been tested for chiral separations of promethazine. The...
Three chiral stationary phases based on macrocyclic antibiotics (teicoplanin, vancomycin and ristocetin A) have been tested for chiral separations of promethazine. The vancomycin phase permits the best, baseline enantioseparation of promethazine, with a mobile phase of a 80:20 (v/v) mixture of methanol with a 1% aqueous triethylamine acetate buffer of pH 4.1 and with the analysis time not exceeding 15 min. The limits of detection amount to 27.5 and 31.0 ng/ml for the earlier and later eluting enantiomers, respectively. This separation system, that also permits a sufficient resolution between the promethazine enantiomers and their degradation products, has further been used for the monitoring of the effects of light, temperature and the promethazine concentration in solution on the stability of methanolic promethazine solutions over a period of 19 days. It has been found that the stability of more concentrated solutions is primarily affected by the temperature, whereas the effects of the temperature and light are comparable with more dilute solutions. After 19 days, a solution of 0.5 mg/ml promethazine stored in darkness at a low temperature still contained 84.0% of the original amount of the enantiomers; this value was 89.6% for a solution with the ten times lower promethazine concentration. If the solutions were stored in darkness but at laboratory temperature, the respective values decreased to 38.1 and 62.6% and for the solutions exposed to light at laboratory temperature they decreased even more to 36.7 and 52.6% of the initial promethazine amount.
Topics: Calibration; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Stability; Promethazine; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Stereoisomerism; Vancomycin
PubMed: 12013245
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00559-x -
Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 1984The bioavailabilities of generic and reference promethazine 50 mg rectal suppositories were compared with that of 50 mg reference oral solution (24 subjects), and all... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
The bioavailabilities of generic and reference promethazine 50 mg rectal suppositories were compared with that of 50 mg reference oral solution (24 subjects), and all three treatments were compared with a 50 mg reference i.m. injection (six subjects). Plasma samples were assayed by an HPLC method with triflupromazine as the internal standard. Both suppositories produced lower peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and longer times to peak concentration (Tmax) than did the oral solution. There were no significant differences in the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) from 0 to 24 h among the three treatments. The Cmax of the i.m. injection was significantly higher than the other three treatments, while the Tmax of the injection was significantly shorter than the reference suppository only. The mean AUC of the injection was significantly greater than the AUCs of the other three treatments. Rectal suppositories of promethazine are more slowly absorbed than oral solutions or i.m. injections; rectal suppositories and oral solutions are less bioavailable than i.m. injections. Diminished systemic bioavailability may result from extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism that occurs after both oral and rectal dosing. There is a high degree of intersubject variation in the bioavailability of promethazine rectal suppositories and oral solutions.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Biological Availability; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Promethazine; Suppositories
PubMed: 6743785
DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510050212 -
Methods and Findings in Experimental... Oct 2005Capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) in cationic regime of the separation with conductometric detection has been used for the separation and determination of promethazine...
Capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) in cationic regime of the separation with conductometric detection has been used for the separation and determination of promethazine hydrochloride (PRO) in commercial mass-produced pharmaceutical preparations. Several electrolyte systems of different compositions and pH were examined and the optimized ITP electrolyte system consisted of 10 mmol/l of potassium acetate adjusted to pH 4.8 with acetic acid as the leading electrolyte with electroosmotic flow (EOF) suppressing additive, 0.2% (w/v) methylhydroxyethylcellulose (m-HEC), and 5 mmol/l of beta-alanine as the terminating electrolyte. The proposed electrophoretic method was successfully validated. It was convenient for the sensitive, simple, rapid, and highly reproducible assay of promethazine. The calibration graph relating the ITP zone length to concentration of the analyte was rectilinear in the range of 40-200 mg/l of the drug standard, with a coefficient of determination r(2)=0.9992. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.12% (n=6) when determining 100 mg/l of PRO in standard sample. Good quantitation was obtained in short analysis time (a single analysis took 6 min). The recoveries of drug from samples were found to be 97.22% (tablets), 99.72% (injections), and 99.14% (syrup). The minimal sample pretreatment and low running cost make the proposed ITP method a good alternative to commonly used analytical methods.
Topics: Electrophoresis, Capillary; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Promethazine; Reproducibility of Results; Solubility; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 16273131
DOI: 10.1358/mf.2005.27.8.928297 -
Analytical Sciences : the International... May 2007A highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of trace amounts of promethazine has been designed. Double stranded (ds)DNA molecules are immobilized onto...
A highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of trace amounts of promethazine has been designed. Double stranded (ds)DNA molecules are immobilized onto a pretreated glassy carbon electrode (GCE(ox)) surface. The voltammetric behaviors of promethazine on DNA-modified electrode were explored by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The promethazine gave rise to a pair of well-defined peaks, which appeared at E(pc) = 52 mV and E(pa) = 96 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.10 M acetate buffer (pH 5.0). The peak current was linearly enhanced with increasing the concentration of promethazine. The calibration was linear for promethazine over the range of 4.7 x 10(-10) to 9.3 x 10(-9) M with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The limit of detection (LODs) was 3.0 x 10(-10) M (S/N = 3). The modified electrode was applied to determine promethazine in human blood samples with satisfactory results.
Topics: Carbon; DNA; Electrochemistry; Electrodes; Promethazine
PubMed: 17495403
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.569 -
International Journal of Clinical... Aug 2006
Topics: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Bahrain; Drug Labeling; Drug Utilization Review; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Infant; Primary Health Care; Promethazine
PubMed: 16961170
DOI: 10.5414/cpp44393 -
Journal of Chromatography Apr 1985A highly specific and sensitive method using automated high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) and a method using gas...
Determination of promethazine in human plasma by automated high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
A highly specific and sensitive method using automated high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) and a method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been developed for the quantitative determination of promethazine in plasma. The lowest detectable concentration by HPLC-ED is 0.1 ng/ml of plasma and by GC-MS 0.5 ng/ml of plasma. The HPLC-ED method incorporates a valve switching unit to prevent all of the electroactive impurities from entering the electrode compartment, thus maintaining the sensitivity of the detector for the analyses of large numbers of samples. The GC-MS method incorporates the highly specific selected-ion monitoring technique. Plasmas derived from healthy subjects each given a single 50-mg oral dose of promethazine were analyzed by both HPLC-ED and GC-MS. The two methods compare favorably with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and a slope of 1.059. While both methods are suitable for studying single-dose pharmacokinetics of promethazine, the automated HPLC-ED method has a decided advantage in being more sensitive and suitable for unattended overnight analyses of the large number of samples encountered in pharmacokinetic studies. The specificity of the HPLC-ED method is demonstrated by comparison to the GC-MS analysis of biological samples.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electrochemistry; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Promethazine
PubMed: 4019661
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84632-0 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Sep 2005A highly accurate nephelometric titration for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride and its preparations was presented. The titration operating conditions were...
A highly accurate nephelometric titration for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride and its preparations was presented. The titration operating conditions were studied and the solubility product constant of promethazine tetraphenylboron precipitation was determined. The result of the titration is comparable to those of control experiments. The proposed method has been found to be accurate, precise, specific and linear.
Topics: Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Promethazine; Reproducibility of Results; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Titrimetry
PubMed: 16122890
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.05.043