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Veterinary Parasitology Oct 1985Sheep scab was eradicated from Britain in 1952 but reappeared in 1973. The host specificity of the sheep scab mite is discussed; sheep are the only reservoir of the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Sheep scab was eradicated from Britain in 1952 but reappeared in 1973. The host specificity of the sheep scab mite is discussed; sheep are the only reservoir of the disease in Britain. Control is by single dipping in the approved acaricides, HCH, diazinon or propetamphos. Acaricides are approved only if the minimum use rate (Maintenance level) will give at least 4 weeks' protection. The method of testing is described. Traditionally, compulsory dipping has been in the winter when the disease is most active. Although the mites were originally thought to enter a latent phase during the summer, new observations indicate that there is little difference between their summer and winter behaviour. In Britain, dipping is now compulsory in both the summer and winter.
Topics: Animals; Feeding Behavior; Host-Parasite Interactions; Insecticides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Seasons; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; United Kingdom
PubMed: 4082452
DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(85)90053-6 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Aug 1987
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Insecticides; Nitriles; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Phenylacetates; Pyrethrins; South Africa; Tick Control; Tick Infestations; Ticks
PubMed: 3655088
DOI: 10.1093/jee/80.4.822 -
Human & Experimental Toxicology Nov 1993The in vitro rates of aging and spontaneous reactivation of human plasma cholinesterase (ChE) after inhibition by several organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have been...
The in vitro rates of aging and spontaneous reactivation of human plasma cholinesterase (ChE) after inhibition by several organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have been studied. After inhibition by OP the enzyme can undergo two simultaneous reactions; spontaneous reactivation to the active enzyme and 'aging' to an irreversibly inhibited form of the enzyme. The rates of these two reactions depend on the nature of the phosphoryl group of the OP bound to the active site of ChE. Most OPs registered for use in the UK have dimethoxy or diethoxy groups attached to the phosphorus atom. Reaction rate constants for aging and spontaneous reaction are reported. Dimethoxy OPs cause half-lives of aging in human plasma ChE of approximately 6 hours and 23 hours at 37 degrees C and 22 degrees C respectively; for diethoxy OPs the values are 12 hours and 39 hours. Reappearance of enzyme activity, after removal of OP, reduced any inhibition by a maximum of 25% for dimethoxy OPs; this reappearance of enzyme activity occurs with a 'half-life' of 5 hours and 15 hours at 37 degrees C and 22 degrees C. These effects, both in vivo and ex vivo, may have relevance in developing a monitoring strategy for dimethoxy OPs using plasma ChE measurements. Inhibition by diethoxy OPs spontaneously reactivates very slowly, even at 37 degrees C, and would not practically influence the measured inhibition. No spontaneous reactivation was detected in human plasma ChE inhibited by the methoxy-ethylamino substituted OP (propetamphos) or the methoxy-methylamino substituted OP (crufomate) during 45 hours incubation at 37 degrees C.
Topics: Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Enzyme Activation; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Insecticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Time Factors
PubMed: 7904465
DOI: 10.1177/096032719301200606 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Feb 1988
Topics: Animals; Carbamates; Cats; Diazinon; Floors and Floorcoverings; Insecticides; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Phenylcarbamates; Siphonaptera
PubMed: 3351080
DOI: 10.1093/jee/81.1.236 -
Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology,... 1980Common house mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal was used to test biologically the residual toxicity of 15 organophosphorus, 5 carbamate and 5 pyrethroid insecticide... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Common house mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal was used to test biologically the residual toxicity of 15 organophosphorus, 5 carbamate and 5 pyrethroid insecticide preparations sprayed on whitewashed or limewashed wall surfaces. The doses of 0.1 g and 1.0 g of active ingredient per 1 m2 of wall surface were used in this experiment. At the dose of 1 g/m2, organophosphates chlorpyriphos, diazinon, fenitrothion, malathion, pirimiphos-methyl and propetamphos, cambamates bendiocarb, dioxacarb, propoxur and promecarb, and pyrothroids bioresmethrin, decamethrin-permethrin and tetramethrin produced on whitewashed wall surfaces the residual toxicity persisting for at least four months. At the dose of 0.1 g/m2, a long-lasting residual toxicity persisting on whitewashed wall surfaces for at least two months was observed after bendiocarb, decamethrin, fenitrothion, permethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and propoxur application. The residual toxicity of organophosphates, carbamates except for bendiocarb and pyrethroids except for permethrin sprayed on limewashed wall surfaces was considerably shorter than on whitewashed surface.
Topics: Animals; Carbamates; Culex; Insecticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pyrethrins; Time Factors
PubMed: 7190586
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the South African Veterinary... Dec 1988
Comparative Study
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Skin Diseases, Parasitic; Triazines
PubMed: 3210212
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Medical Entomology Nov 1991In this study, six insecticide dust formulations were laboratory-tested in soil mixtures ranging in concentration from 40 to 1,280 parts per million (ppm) against a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Studies on the control of plague in the western United States: laboratory trials of six insecticide dust formulations applied to soil for the control of the plague vector Oropsylla montana (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae).
In this study, six insecticide dust formulations were laboratory-tested in soil mixtures ranging in concentration from 40 to 1,280 parts per million (ppm) against a proven vector of bubonic plague, Oropsylla montana (Baker). Pulicidal effects of the six insecticides, which included three organophosphates, two carbamates, and a pyrethroid, were compared by LD(50) values at both ambient and 75% RH. Permethrin (Pyraperm 455 dust), a pyrethroid with a LD(50) less than 40 ppm, demonstrated the most effective pulicidal action for the 13-wk trial period, followed in order by chlorpyrifos, bendiocarb, propetamphos, diazinon, and carbaryl.
Topics: Animals; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Plague; Siphonaptera; Soil; United States
PubMed: 1770511
DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/28.6.770 -
The Veterinary Record Oct 1982
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Chickens; Intestine, Small; Microvilli; Organothiophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 7147659
DOI: 10.1136/vr.111.16.366 -
The Analyst Sep 1992A gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) method for the determination of pesticide residues in fats and oils was subjected to two co-operative trials. Results for...
Report of two co-operative trials of a gel permeation chromatographic method for the isolation of pesticide residues from oils and fats. Committee for Analytical Methods for Residues of Pesticides in Foodstuffs of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
A gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) method for the determination of pesticide residues in fats and oils was subjected to two co-operative trials. Results for organochlorine pesticides (beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, dieldrin, p,p'-DDE and heptachlor) were compared with those obtained using an alumina column clean-up method. No significant differences in the mean values were found between the two techniques using the t-test (5% significance level). Horrat values demonstrated acceptable inter- and intralaboratory precisions for both clean-up techniques. Two organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon and propetamphos) and the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin were also determined using the GPC method. However, these compounds were not recoverable using the alumina column method, so no comparisons between the two methods were possible.
Topics: Chromatography, Gel; Fats; Food Analysis; Oils; Pesticide Residues
PubMed: 1443642
DOI: 10.1039/an9921701451 -
New Zealand Veterinary Journal Oct 1996Four groups of five Romney lambs were treated by plunge dipping with one of four registered organophosphorus flystrike preventatives. Untreated lambs acted as controls....
Four groups of five Romney lambs were treated by plunge dipping with one of four registered organophosphorus flystrike preventatives. Untreated lambs acted as controls. The sheep were challenged at weekly intervals with larval implants of organophosphate-susceptible and -resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina. All four treatments provided 19-21 weeks protection against susceptible larvae but chlorfenvinphos provided the longest protection (16-17 weeks), followed by propetamphos (15-16 weeks), dichlofenthion (10-13 weeks) and diazinon (9-13 weeks), against the resistant strain.
PubMed: 16031930
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1996.35970