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Seminars in Dialysis 2007Propylene glycol is a commonly used solvent for oral, intravenous, and topical pharmaceutical preparations. Although it is considered safe, large intravenous doses given... (Review)
Review
Propylene glycol is a commonly used solvent for oral, intravenous, and topical pharmaceutical preparations. Although it is considered safe, large intravenous doses given over a short period of time can be toxic. Underlying renal insufficiency and hepatic dysfunction raise risk for toxicity. Toxic effects include hyperosmolality, increased anion gap metabolic acidosis (due to lactic acidosis), acute kidney injury, and sepsis-like syndrome. Treatment of toxicity includes hemodialysis to effectively remove propylene glycol. Prevention is best achieved by limiting the dose of propylene glycol infused.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Half-Life; Humans; Incidence; Kidney; Osmolar Concentration; Propylene Glycol; Renal Dialysis; Risk Factors; Solvents
PubMed: 17555487
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00280.x -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2018Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact...
Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2018. Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis and systemic cutaneous reactions to PG, which has become an increasingly common ingredient, have been documented. Propylene glycol is as contentious as it is ubiquitous because it acts as both a weak sensitizer and an irritant, confounding the results of positive patch tests. This report serves to increase awareness about PG sensitization and appropriate testing and evaluation of PG patch tests.
Topics: Allergens; Dermatitis, Contact; Emollients; Humans; Patch Tests; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 29059092
DOI: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000315 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2018Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact... (Review)
Review
Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2018. Contact, systemic, and irritant cutaneous reactions have been documented for PG, which has become an increasingly common ingredient. Propylene glycol is as contentious as it is ubiquitous because it acts as both a weak sensitizer and an irritant, confounding the results of positive patch tests. This review serves to delve into what we know about PG from previous reports and studies so that providers will have a better understanding of PG contact dermatitis.
Topics: Allergens; Dermatitis, Contact; Emollients; Humans; Patch Tests; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 29064881
DOI: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000307 -
The American Journal of Emergency... Mar 2022Propylene glycol (PG) is usually considered safe, however, toxicity can develop with high doses or when used for prolonged periods of time. PG can be found in some...
INTRODUCTION
Propylene glycol (PG) is usually considered safe, however, toxicity can develop with high doses or when used for prolonged periods of time. PG can be found in some medications as well as some food products. We report a case of likely PG toxicity that occurred after compulsive daily ingestion of large amounts of corn starch.
CASE REPORT
Our patient initially presented to an outside hospital (OSH) via ambulance for altered mental status. Her mental status improved after her blood sugar of 25 was corrected. On admission to OSH Emergency Department her initial vital signs included a heart rate of 115 bpm, blood pressure 113/59 mm/hg, temperature 35.8C. Pertinent labs included: sodium 119 mEq/L, bicarbonate 9 mEq/L, anion gap 29 mEq/L, creatinine 2.5 mg/dL and lactic acid 20 mEq/L. On transfer to our hospital her repeat lactic acid was 20 mEq/L, osmolar gap was 20. Her PG level, which was drawn several hours after her initial presentation, was 11 mg/dL. Our patient noted that she ingested a 16 oz. package of corn starch mixed with baking soda approximately every 2 days. Given the concerns for PG she was underwent intermittent hemodialysis. PG and lactic acid levels improved, however, she ultimately died due to complications from her hospitalization.
DISCUSSION
PG causes toxicity through metabolism to lactic acid. While there are small amounts in food products and medications, under the right circumstances, PG can accumulate and lead to significant toxicity.
Topics: Compulsive Behavior; Eating; Female; Humans; Lactic Acid; Propylene Glycol; Starch; Zea mays
PubMed: 34602331
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.054 -
International Journal of Toxicology 2012Propylene glycol is an aliphatic alcohol that functions as a skin conditioning agent, viscosity decreasing agent, solvent, and fragrance ingredient in cosmetics.... (Review)
Review
Propylene glycol is an aliphatic alcohol that functions as a skin conditioning agent, viscosity decreasing agent, solvent, and fragrance ingredient in cosmetics. Tripropylene glycol functions as a humectant, antioxidant, and emulsion stabilizer. Polypropylene glycols (PPGs), including PPG-3, PPG-7, PPG-9, PPG-12, PPG-13, PPG-15, PPG-16, PPG-17, PPG-20, PPG-26, PPG-30, PPG-33, PPG-34, PPG-51, PPG-52, and PPG-69, function primarily as skin conditioning agents, with some solvent use. The majority of the safety and toxicity information presented is for propylene glycol (PG). Propylene glycol is generally nontoxic and is noncarcinogenic. Clinical studies demonstrated an absence of dermal sensitization at use concentrations, although concerns about irritation remained. The CIR Expert Panel determined that the available information support the safety of tripropylene glycol as well as all the PPGs. The Expert Panel concluded that PG, tripropylene glycol, and PPGs ≥3 are safe as used in cosmetic formulations when formulated to be nonirritating.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Antioxidants; Consumer Product Safety; Cosmetics; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Polymers; Propylene Glycol; Propylene Glycols; Skin Care; Toxicity Tests; Viscosity
PubMed: 23064775
DOI: 10.1177/1091581812461381 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Feb 1948
Topics: Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 18907753
DOI: 10.1021/ja01182a049 -
Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance May 2022The previous Spacecraft Maximal Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for propylene glycol were established based on a study of rodents exposed to propylene glycol (PG)...
The previous Spacecraft Maximal Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for propylene glycol were established based on a study of rodents exposed to propylene glycol (PG) aerosol for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 90 d. This study has been used as the basis for the few existing limits, but all exposure concentrations were well above the saturated vapor concentration of ∼100 ppm for pure propylene glycol at room temperature. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry noted that the method used to generate the aerosols for the two published studies of animal exposures are not relevant to exposure conditions for the general public, and most regulatory agencies have not established inhalation limits for propylene glycol, citing lack of data. Since publication of the PG SMACs in 2008, an acute inhalation study was conducted in healthy human subjects which allows us to revise our assessment. This manuscript provides the rationale for increasing the prior limits for PG in spacecraft air from 32 and 17 ppm to 64 and 32 ppm for off-nominal scenarios/releases (1-h and 24-h limits) and from 9, 3, and 1.5 ppm to 32 ppm for all nominal timeframes (7, 30, and 180 d). Due to a lack of longer-term exposure data, NASA has elected to eliminate the 1000-d SMAC limit at this time.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Propylene Glycol; Spacecraft; United States
PubMed: 35551723
DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.6037.2022 -
BioMed Research International 2022Plumbagin, a bioactive naphthoquinone, has demonstrated potent antitumor potential. However, plumbagin is a sparingly water-soluble compound; therefore, clinical...
Plumbagin, a bioactive naphthoquinone, has demonstrated potent antitumor potential. However, plumbagin is a sparingly water-soluble compound; therefore, clinical translation requires and will be facilitated by the development of a new pharmaceutical formulation. We have generated an oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulation of plumbagin using a low-energy spontaneous emulsification process with propylene glycol caprylate (Capryol 90) as an oil phase and Labrasol/Kolliphor RH40 as surfactant and cosurfactant excipients. Formulation studies using Capryol 90/Labrasol/Kolliphor RH40 components, based on pseudoternary diagram and analysis of particle size distribution and polydispersity determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), identified an optimized composition of excipients for nanoparticle formulation. The nanoemulsion loaded with plumbagin as an active pharmaceutical ingredient had an average hydrodynamic diameter of 30.9 nm with narrow polydispersity. The nanoemulsion exhibited long-term stability, as well as good retention of particle size in simulated physiological environments. Furthermore, plumbagin-loaded nanoemulsion showed an augmented cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells PTEN-P2 in comparison to free drug. In conclusion, we generated a formulation of plumbagin with high loading drug capacity, robust stability, and scalable production. Novel Capryol 90-based nanoemulsion formulation of plumbagin demonstrated antiproliferative activity against prostate cancer cells, warranting thus further pharmaceutical development.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Carriers; Emulsions; Male; Mice; Nanoparticles; Naphthoquinones; Propylene Glycol; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35047632
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3549061 -
Medycyna Pracy 2015Both ethylene and propylene glycol alkyl ethers (EGAEs and PGAEs, respectively) are widely used, mainly as solvents, in industrial and household products. Some EGAEs... (Review)
Review
Both ethylene and propylene glycol alkyl ethers (EGAEs and PGAEs, respectively) are widely used, mainly as solvents, in industrial and household products. Some EGAEs demonstrate gonadotoxic, embriotoxic, fetotoxic and teratogenic effects in both humans and experimental animals. Due to the noxious impact of these ethers on reproduction and development of organisms EGAEs are replaced for considerably less toxic PGAEs. The data on the mechanisms of testicular, embriotoxic, fetotoxic and teratogenic effects of EGAEs are presented in this paper. Our particular attention was focused on the metabolism of some EGAEs and their organ-specific toxicities, apoptosis of spermatocytes associated with changes in the expression of various genes that code for oxidative stress factors, protein kinases and nuclear hormone receptors.
Topics: Ethers; Ethylene Glycol; Human Development; Humans; Propylene Glycol; Reproductive Physiological Phenomena; Solvents
PubMed: 26647990
DOI: 10.13075/mp.5893.00219 -
Respiratory Research Aug 2022Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are used worldwide as a substitute for conventional cigarettes. Although they are primarily intended to support smoking cessation,...
BACKGROUND
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are used worldwide as a substitute for conventional cigarettes. Although they are primarily intended to support smoking cessation, e-cigarettes have been identified as a gateway to smoking habits for young people. Multiple recent reports have described the health effects of inhaling e-cigarettes. E-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) is mainly composed of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (Gly), and the aerosol generated by these devices primarily contains these two components. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of PG and Gly on human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs).
METHODS
SAECs were exposed to PG or Gly, and cell proliferation, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, DNA damage, cell cycle, and apoptosis were evaluated. Additionally, SAECs derived from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (COPD-SAECs) were investigated.
RESULTS
Exposure of SAECs to PG significantly inhibited proliferation (1%, PG, p = 0.021; 2-4% PG, p < 0.0001) and decreased cell viability (1-4% PG, p < 0.0001) in a concentration-dependent manner. Gly elicited similar effects but to a reduced degree as compared to the same concentration of PG. PG also increased LDH release in a concentration-dependent manner (3% PG, p = 0.0055; 4% PG, p < 0.0001), whereas Gly did not show a significant effect on LDH release. SAECs exposed to 4% PG contained more cells that were positive for phosphorylated histone H2AX (p < 0.0001), a marker of DNA damage, and an increased proportion of cells in the G1 phase (p < 0.0001) and increased p21 expression (p = 0.0005). Moreover, caspase 3/7-activated cells and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 expression were increased in SAECs exposed to 4% PG (p = 0.0054). Furthermore, comparing COPD-SAECs to SAECs without COPD in PG exposure, cell proliferation, cell viability, DNA damage and apoptosis were significantly greater in COPD-SAECs.
CONCLUSION
PG damaged SAECs more than Gly. In addition, COPD-SAECs were more susceptible to PG than SAECs without COPD. Usage of e-cigarettes may be harmful to the respiratory system, especially in patients with COPD.
Topics: Adolescent; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Epithelial Cells; Glycerol; Humans; Propylene Glycol; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets
PubMed: 35999544
DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02142-2