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Nature Reviews. Neuroscience Dec 2002
Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Prosencephalon; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 12461551
DOI: 10.1038/nrn989 -
Nature Oct 2023The assembly of cortical circuits involves the generation and migration of interneurons from the ventral to the dorsal forebrain, which has been challenging to study at...
The assembly of cortical circuits involves the generation and migration of interneurons from the ventral to the dorsal forebrain, which has been challenging to study at inaccessible stages of late gestation and early postnatal human development. Autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have been associated with abnormal cortical interneuron development, but which of these NDD genes affect interneuron generation and migration, and how they mediate these effects remains unknown. We previously developed a platform to study interneuron development and migration in subpallial organoids and forebrain assembloids. Here we integrate assembloids with CRISPR screening to investigate the involvement of 425 NDD genes in human interneuron development. The first screen aimed at interneuron generation revealed 13 candidate genes, including CSDE1 and SMAD4. We subsequently conducted an interneuron migration screen in more than 1,000 forebrain assembloids that identified 33 candidate genes, including cytoskeleton-related genes and the endoplasmic reticulum-related gene LNPK. We discovered that, during interneuron migration, the endoplasmic reticulum is displaced along the leading neuronal branch before nuclear translocation. LNPK deletion interfered with this endoplasmic reticulum displacement and resulted in abnormal migration. These results highlight the power of this CRISPR-assembloid platform to systematically map NDD genes onto human development and reveal disease mechanisms.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Cell Movement; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Gene Editing; Interneurons; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Organoids; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Prosencephalon; Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
PubMed: 37758944
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06564-w -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... Jan 2017The adult human brain is arguably the most complex of biological systems. It contains 86 billion neurons (the information processing cells of the brain) and many more... (Review)
Review
The adult human brain is arguably the most complex of biological systems. It contains 86 billion neurons (the information processing cells of the brain) and many more support cells. The neurons, with the assistance of the support cells, form trillions of connections creating complex, interconnected neural networks that support all human thought, feeling, and action. A challenge for modern neuroscience is to provide a model that accounts for this exquisitely complex and dynamic system. One fundamental part of this model is an account of how the human brain develops. This essay describes two important aspects of this developmental story. The first part of the story focuses on the remarkable and dynamic set of events that unfold during the prenatal period to give rise to cell lineage that form the essential substance of the brain, particularly the structures of the cerebral hemispheres. The second part of the story focuses on the formation of the major brain pathways of the cerebrum, the intricate fiber bundles that connect different populations of neurons to form the information processing systems that support all human thought and action. These two aspects of early brain development provide an essential foundation for understanding how the structure, organization, and functioning of the human brain emerge. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1409. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1409 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Topics: Humans; Neural Pathways; Neural Stem Cells; Neuroglia; Neurons; Prosencephalon
PubMed: 27906520
DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1409 -
Annual Review of Neuroscience 1993
Review
Topics: Animals; Brain; Diencephalon; Haplorhini; Hippocampus; Humans; Memory; Prosencephalon; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 8460903
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.002555 -
Progress in Neurobiology Nov 2018The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains... (Review)
Review
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Neural Stem Cells; Prosencephalon
PubMed: 29902499
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005 -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology Dec 2013The insect, annelid and vertebrate forebrains harbour two major centres of output control, a sensory-neurosecretory centre releasing hormones and a primordial locomotor... (Review)
Review
The insect, annelid and vertebrate forebrains harbour two major centres of output control, a sensory-neurosecretory centre releasing hormones and a primordial locomotor centre that controls the initiation of muscular body movements. In vertebrates, both reside in the hypothalamus. Here, we review recent comparative neurodevelopmental evidence indicating that these centres evolved from separate condensations of neurons on opposite body sides ('apical nervous system' versus 'blastoporal nervous system') and that their developmental specification involved distinct regulatory networks (apical six3 and rx versus mediolateral nk and pax gene-dependent patterning). In bilaterian ancestors, both systems approached each other and became closely intermingled, physically, functionally and developmentally. Our 'chimeric brain hypothesis' sheds new light on the vast success and rapid diversification of bilaterian animals in the Cambrian and revises our understanding of brain architecture.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Body Patterning; Humans; Insecta; Phylogeny; Prosencephalon; Vertebrates
PubMed: 24080363
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.09.005 -
Nature May 2002Bird fanciers have known for centuries that songbirds learn their songs. This learning has striking parallels to speech acquisition: like humans, birds must hear the... (Review)
Review
Bird fanciers have known for centuries that songbirds learn their songs. This learning has striking parallels to speech acquisition: like humans, birds must hear the sounds of adults during a sensitive period, and must hear their own voice while learning to vocalize. With the discovery and investigation of discrete brain structures required for singing, songbirds are now providing insights into neural mechanisms of learning. Aided by a wealth of behavioural observations and species diversity, studies in songbirds are addressing such basic issues in neuroscience as perceptual and sensorimotor learning, developmental regulation of plasticity, and the control and function of adult neurogenesis.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Auditory Cortex; Female; Hearing; Humans; Learning; Motor Cortex; Neuronal Plasticity; Prosencephalon; Songbirds; Synapses; Vocalization, Animal
PubMed: 12015616
DOI: 10.1038/417351a -
Prenatal Diagnosis Apr 2009Abnormal ventral induction may result in disorders of formation, cleavage, and midline development of prosencephalic structures. Holoprosencephaly is a developmental... (Review)
Review
Abnormal ventral induction may result in disorders of formation, cleavage, and midline development of prosencephalic structures. Holoprosencephaly is a developmental field defect of impaired cleavage of prosencephalon. The most widely accepted classification of holoprosencephaly recognizes three major varieties: the alobar, semilobar and lobar types, according to the severity of the malformation. The brain malformations, characterized by the fusion of the cerebral hemisphere along the midline are commonly associated with facial anomalies. Corpus callosum agenesis and septo-optic dysplasia are disorders of prosencephalic midline development, and usually have less severe presentations but still, affected subjects may suffer from neurodevelopmental retardation, and/or endocrinologic and visual disorders. In this article we report an up-to-date of pathogenesis, prenatal sonographic findings, differential diagnosis and prognosis of the aforementioned anomalies.
Topics: Acrocallosal Syndrome; Brain; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gestational Age; Holoprosencephaly; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pregnancy; Prognosis; Prosencephalon; Septum Pellucidum; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 19184971
DOI: 10.1002/pd.2208 -
Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Oct 1999Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental defect of the forebrain in humans. Several distinct human genes for holoprosencephaly have now been identified.... (Review)
Review
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental defect of the forebrain in humans. Several distinct human genes for holoprosencephaly have now been identified. They include Sonic hedgehog (SHH), ZIC2, and SIX3. Many additional genes involved in forebrain development are rapidly being cloned and characterized in model vertebrate organisms. These include Patched (Ptc), Smoothened (Smo), cubitus interuptus (ci)/Gli, wingless (wg/Wnt, decapentaplegic (dpp)/BMP, Hedgehog interacting protein (Hip), nodal, Smads, One-eyed pinhead (Oep), and TG-Interacting Factor (TGIF). However, further analysis is needed before their roles in HPE can be established. Here we present an overview of the presently known genes causing human holoprosencephaly and describe candidate genes involved in forebrain development identified in other systems. A model is discussed for how these genes may interact within and between several different signaling pathways to direct the formation of the forebrain.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Holoprosencephaly; Humans; Prosencephalon
PubMed: 10527664
DOI: 10.1006/mgme.1999.2895 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Jul 2016The components of the nervous system are assembled in development by the process of cell migration. Although the principles of cell migration are conserved throughout... (Review)
Review
The components of the nervous system are assembled in development by the process of cell migration. Although the principles of cell migration are conserved throughout the brain, different subsystems may predominantly utilize specific migratory mechanisms, or may display unusual features during migration. Examining these subsystems offers not only the potential for insights into the development of the system, but may also help in understanding disorders arising from aberrant cell migration. The olfactory system is an ancient sensory circuit that is essential for the survival and reproduction of a species. The organization of this circuit displays many evolutionarily conserved features in vertebrates, including molecular mechanisms and complex migratory pathways. In this review, we describe the elaborate migrations that populate each component of the olfactory system in rodents and compare them with those described in the well-studied neocortex. Understanding how the components of the olfactory system are assembled will not only shed light on the etiology of olfactory and sexual disorders, but will also offer insights into how conserved migratory mechanisms may have shaped the evolution of the brain.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Cell Movement; Hypothalamus; Neurons; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Cortex; Olfactory Pathways; Prosencephalon; Rodentia; Smell; Vomeronasal Organ
PubMed: 26994098
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2172-7