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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021Arachidonic acid (AA) is an essential fatty acid that is released by phospholipids in cell membranes and metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX), cytochrome P450 (CYP)... (Review)
Review
Arachidonic acid (AA) is an essential fatty acid that is released by phospholipids in cell membranes and metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX), cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and lipid oxygenase (LOX) pathways to regulate complex cardiovascular function under physiological and pathological conditions. Various AA metabolites include prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxanes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. The AA metabolites play important and differential roles in the modulation of vascular tone, and cardiovascular complications including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction upon actions to different receptors and vascular beds. This article reviews the roles of AA metabolism in cardiovascular health and disease as well as their potential therapeutic implication.
Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 34769460
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112029 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2023Mast cells play pivotal roles in innate host defenses against venom. Activated mast cells release large amounts of prostaglandin D (PGD). However, the role of PGD in...
Mast cells play pivotal roles in innate host defenses against venom. Activated mast cells release large amounts of prostaglandin D (PGD). However, the role of PGD in such host defense remains unclear. We found that c-kit-dependent and c-kit-independent mast cell-specific hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase () deficiency significantly exacerbated honey bee venom (BV)-induced hypothermia and increased mortality rates in mice. BV absorption via postcapillary venules in the skin was accelerated upon endothelial barrier disruption resulting in increased plasma venom concentrations. These results suggest that mast cell-derived PGD may enhance host defense against BV and save lives by inhibiting BV absorption into circulation.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Prostaglandins; Mast Cells; Prostaglandin D2; Bee Venoms; Subcutaneous Absorption; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; Allergens
PubMed: 37216530
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300284120 -
Oncology 1974
Review
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Lipid Metabolism; Models, Biological; Neoplasms; Prostaglandin Antagonists; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 4615286
DOI: 10.1159/000224953 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dec 1972
Review
Topics: Abortion, Therapeutic; Animals; Biological Assay; Cardiovascular System; Cats; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Digestive System; Dogs; Drug Stability; Female; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Labor, Induced; Oxidation-Reduction; Pregnancy; Prostaglandins; Rats; Reproduction; Respiratory System; Time Factors; Tritium
PubMed: 4564972
DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600611202 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2022Prostanoids are a group of typical lipid mediators that are biosynthesized from arachidonic acid by the actions of cyclooxygenases and their subsequent terminal... (Review)
Review
Prostanoids are a group of typical lipid mediators that are biosynthesized from arachidonic acid by the actions of cyclooxygenases and their subsequent terminal synthases. Prostanoids exert a wide variety of actions through their specific membrane receptors on target cells. In addition to their classical actions, including fever, pain, and inflammation, prostanoids have been shown to play pivotal roles in various biological processes, such as female reproduction and the maintenance of vascular and gut homeostasis. Moreover, recent research using mice deficient in each of the prostanoid receptors, or using agonists/antagonists specific for each receptor clarified novel actions of prostanoids that had long been unknown, and the mechanisms therein. In this review, we introduce recent advances in the fields of metabolic control by prostanoid receptors such as in adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis, and adipocyte browning in adipose tissues, and discuss the potential of prostanoid receptors as a treatment target for metabolic disorders.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Female; Inflammation; Lipolysis; Mice; Prostaglandins; Receptors, Prostaglandin
PubMed: 35908909
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00270 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Dec 1982Methods are described for the parallel assay of prostaglandin E2 synthesis and degradation on a single homogenate. Using these methods, we show that prostaglandin...
Methods are described for the parallel assay of prostaglandin E2 synthesis and degradation on a single homogenate. Using these methods, we show that prostaglandin synthesis is located predominantly in the subepithelium whereas the capacity to degrade prostaglandins resides mainly in the epithelial cells. Separation of the epithelial cells into a 'villus to crypt gradient' showed that the capacity to degrade prostaglandins decreased from villus to crypt whereas the responsiveness of the adenylate cyclase to exogenous prostaglandin E2 increased. These findings are discussed in relation to cyclic AMP-mediated, prostaglandin-induced secretion.
Topics: Adenylyl Cyclases; Animals; Dinoprostone; Epithelium; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Kinetics; Male; Prostaglandins E; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 6960931
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90331-9 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Apr 1971
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Depression, Chemical; Ethers, Cyclic; Gerbillinae; Helminths; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Metabolism; Methylation; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Prostaglandins; Stimulation, Chemical
PubMed: 5286110
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb53186.x -
Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.) Sep 2020Prostaglandins have been attractive targets in total synthesis for over 50 years, resulting in the development of new synthetic strategies and methodologies that have... (Review)
Review
Prostaglandins have been attractive targets in total synthesis for over 50 years, resulting in the development of new synthetic strategies and methodologies that have served the broader chemical community. However, these molecules are not just of academic interest, a number of prostaglandin analogues are used in the clinic, and some are even on the WHO list of essential medicines. In this personal account, we describe our own approach to the family of prostaglandins, which centers around the synthesis of a key enal intermediate, formed from the l-proline catalysed dimerization of succinaldehyde. We highlight the discovery and further optimization of this key reaction, its scale up, and subsequent application to a range of prostaglandins.
Topics: Aldehydes; Catalysis; Dimerization; Proline; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 32672398
DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000054 -
Experimental Eye Research 1977
Review
Topics: Animals; Aqueous Humor; Aspirin; Blood; Capillary Permeability; Eye; Humans; Indomethacin; Intraocular Pressure; Mechlorethamine; Prostaglandins; Proteins; Rabbits; Uveitis
PubMed: 338326
DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(77)80043-2 -
Journal of Biomedical Science 1999The isoprostanes (IsoPs) are a unique series of prostaglandin-like compounds formed in vivo from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. This review... (Review)
Review
The isoprostanes (IsoPs) are a unique series of prostaglandin-like compounds formed in vivo from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding these compounds. Novel aspects of the biochemistry and bioactivity of IsoPs are detailed and methods by which these compounds are analyzed are discussed. A considerable portion of this review deals with the utility of measuring IsoPs as markers of oxidant injury in human diseases particularly in association with risk factors that predispose to atherosclerosis, a condition in which excessive oxidative stress has been causally implicated.
Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arteriosclerosis; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Diabetes Mellitus; Free Radicals; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Isomerism; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; Prostaglandins; Prostanoic Acids; Smoking; Thromboxanes
PubMed: 10420080
DOI: 10.1007/BF02253564