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Annual Review of Biochemistry 1972
Review
Topics: Biological Transport; Blood Circulation; Central Nervous System; Cyclic AMP; Hyperemia; Inflammation; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 4343454
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.41.070172.001113 -
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism:... Aug 2001Isoprostanes are a new class of lipids, isomers of the conventional enzymatically derived prostaglandins, which are produced in vivo primarily by a free... (Review)
Review
Isoprostanes are a new class of lipids, isomers of the conventional enzymatically derived prostaglandins, which are produced in vivo primarily by a free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. F2-isoprostanes, isomers of the enzyme-derived prostaglandin F2alpha, are the most studied species, but analogous isomers of other prostaglandins and leukotrienes have been described. Because of their mechanism of formation, specific structural features that distinguish them from other free radical-generated products and chemical stability, they can provide a reliable index for the oxidant component of several diseases in vivo. Consistent data suggest that formation of F2-isoprostanes is altered in a variety of clinical settings putatively associated with oxidant stress. Moreover, measurement of F2-isoprostanes might provide a sensitive biochemical basis for dose-selection in studies of natural and synthetic antioxidants. Finally, some F2-isoprostanes possess potent biological activities in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that they may also act as mediators of the cellular effects of oxidative stress.
Topics: Dinoprost; F2-Isoprostanes; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Oxidative Stress; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 11445440
DOI: 10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00411-8 -
Drug Metabolism Reviews Feb 1999The discovery of IsoPs as products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation has opened up new areas of investigation regarding the role of free radicals in human physiology... (Review)
Review
The discovery of IsoPs as products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation has opened up new areas of investigation regarding the role of free radicals in human physiology and pathophysiology. The quantification of IsoPs as markers of oxidative stress status appears to be an important advance in our ability to explore the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of human disease. An important need in the field of free-radical medicine is information regarding the clinical pharmacology of antioxidant agents. Because of the evidence implicating free radicals in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, large clinical trials are planned or underway to assess whether antioxidants can either prevent the development or ameliorate the pathology of certain human disorders. However, data regarding the most effective doses and combination of antioxidant agents to use in these clinical trials is lacking. As mentioned previously, administration of antioxidants suppresses the formation of IsoPs, even in normal individuals. Thus, measurement of IsoPs may provide a valuable approach to define the clinical pharmacology of antioxidants. In addition to being markers of oxidative stress, several IsoPs possess potent biological activity. The availability of additional IsoPs in synthetic form should broaden our knowledge concerning the role of these molecules as mediators of oxidant stress. Despite the fact that considerable information has been obtained since the initial report of the discovery of IsoPs [6], much remains to be understood about these molecules. With continued research in this area, we believe that much new information will emerge that will open up additional important new areas for future investigation.
Topics: Dinoprost; Free Radicals; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 10065368
DOI: 10.1081/dmr-100101910 -
Arzneimittel-Forschung Feb 1993The adequate biological function of the renin-angiotensin system in blood pressure regulation and volume control involves additional factors for a fully balanced... (Review)
Review
The adequate biological function of the renin-angiotensin system in blood pressure regulation and volume control involves additional factors for a fully balanced response. This includes arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators, the eicosanoids. Angiotensin II (Ang II) causes (AT1)-receptor mediated stimulation of phospholipase C, resulting in generation of IP3 (inositol triphosphate) and activation of protein kinase C, elevated cytosolic Ca+ and stimulation phospholipase A2. These processes culminate in the generation of cell-specific eicosanoids and their autocrine action on the generating cell or paracrine effects on cells in the vicinity. In vascular tissue, liberated arachidonic acid is mainly converted into vasodilator prostaglandins, i.e. prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGE2. These prostaglandins may attenuate any direct Ang II-induced vasoconstriction, lower systemic vascular resistance and stimulate renal sodium excretion. In some vessels, arachidonic acid released by Ang II may also be converted to vasoconstrictor eicosanoids, i.e. thromboxane A2, PGF2 alpha and 12-HETE. The biological significance of endogenous eicosanoid generation becomes evident if vasoactive eicosanoids become limiting factors for maintaining homoiostasis, i.e. in the fetal circulation, Bartter's syndrome and congestive heart failure where vasodilating eicosanoids (PGE2, PGI2) are involved in maintenance of low vascular resistance and reduced or absent vasoconstriction by Ang II. Vasoconstrictor eicosanoids (thromboxane A2, PGF2 alpha, 12-HETE) contribute to high blood pressure in (renovascular) hypertension and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Alternatively, generation of vasodilator prostaglandins may be reduced in these situations. The vascular renin-angiotensin system is subject to the action of a number of drugs and chemicals, most notably specific inhibitors of the angiotensin-converging enzyme and drugs affecting kidney function (furosemide) and/or vessel tone (propranolol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Humans; Prostaglandins; Renin-Angiotensin System
PubMed: 8498970
DOI: No ID Found -
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of... Aug 1968
Review
Topics: Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dogs; Humans; Hypertension, Renal; Kidney; Lipid Metabolism; Prostaglandins; Rabbits; Rats; Vasoconstrictor Agents
PubMed: 4886436
DOI: No ID Found -
Lancet (London, England) Apr 1975In metabolic obesity energy in triglyceride stores is not readily accessible, and lipolysis to free fatty acid and glycerol seems to be somehow restrained. In the normal...
In metabolic obesity energy in triglyceride stores is not readily accessible, and lipolysis to free fatty acid and glycerol seems to be somehow restrained. In the normal situation, there is a balance between a forward reaction via cyclic A.M.P. ending in lipolysis and a negative-feedback mechanism in which prostaglandins participate. In metabolic obesity there may be a biochemical error leading to overproduction of prostaglandins; as a result the forward reaction is overwhelmed and lipolysis does not take place. Since prostaglandin antagonists and inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis are known, this hypothesis is not without therapeutic interest.
Topics: Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; Adipose Tissue; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Catecholamines; Cell Membrane; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Feedback; Glycerol; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Obesity; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Prostaglandins; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Receptors, Adrenergic; Triglycerides
PubMed: 47540
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)91690-6 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design Apr 2001Postaglandins(PG) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) both are playing a key role in atherogenesis. Their interaction at the local vascular level is of central relevance... (Review)
Review
Postaglandins(PG) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) both are playing a key role in atherogenesis. Their interaction at the local vascular level is of central relevance in plaque formation and progression. Details of these complex actions however, still need to be elucidated. Lipoproteins are influencing the PG-production of arterial wall cells and platelets, while PGs in turn have been shown to regulate lipoprotein receptor binding and entry into the arterial wall. Modification of LDL severely influences arterial wall trapping and foam cell formation. During LDL-modification, isoprostanes, a new family of compounds generated by free radical catalysed action, independent of cyclooxygenase, are formed. 8-epi PGF(2alpha) the most well known member exerts a great variety of proatherogenic actions, among them vasoconstriction and platelet activation; it also serves as a mitogen and stimulator of endothelin release. The influence of various eicosanoids on lipoprotein modification, however, has not been assessed yet.
Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Dinoprost; Epoprostenol; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipoproteins, LDL; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F
PubMed: 11281853
DOI: 10.2174/1381612013397933 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Jan 2000
Review
Topics: Acylation; Acyltransferases; Animals; DNA Replication; Eicosanoids; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Membrane Lipids; Methylation; Microsomes, Liver; Phospholipids; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Prostaglandins; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Structure-Activity Relationship; Triglycerides
PubMed: 10601692
DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00177-8 -
Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and... May 2008The mechanisms involved in the initiation of human labor are largely unknown. Understanding the molecular pathways is fundamental in both the development of effective... (Review)
Review
The mechanisms involved in the initiation of human labor are largely unknown. Understanding the molecular pathways is fundamental in both the development of effective therapeutic strategies and intervention to prevent preterm labor. Prostaglandins are bioactive lipids and members of the eicosanoids family, derived from arachidonic acid, which act in a paracrine or autocrine manner and function via binding to specific G-protein-coupled receptors, activating intracellular signaling and gene transcription. Prostaglandins have a central role in the maintenance of pregnancy and initiation of labor, with the change from uterine quiescence to a contractile state facilitated by differential expression of prostaglandin receptors within the myometrium and fetal membranes. Clinical evidence for the key role of prostaglandins in human parturition is evident from their successful exploitation as exogenous agents for the induction of labor and the role of prostaglandin synthase inhibitors as a preventative therapy for preterm labor. This review aims to focus on prostaglandin synthesis and metabolism and how differential regulation of prostaglandins and their receptors in gestational tissues interact in the initiation of labor.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cytokines; Female; Homeostasis; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Prostaglandins; Receptors, Prostaglandin; Tocolytic Agents
PubMed: 18508623
DOI: 10.2741/3117 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Jul 2005The role of prostaglandins in mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption in mice was investigated. Skin prostaglandins contents were measured after...
The role of prostaglandins in mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption in mice was investigated. Skin prostaglandins contents were measured after cutaneous barrier function was disrupted by scratching using a stainless-steal wire brush (mechanical scratching), then effects of prostanoids on recovery of cutaneous barrier functions were examined. This mechanical scratching increased transepidermal water loss and skin prostaglandins (prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha and prostaglandin F2alpha) contents, count-dependently. Topical application of indomethacin immediately after cutaneous barrier disruption delayed the recovery period of cutaneous barrier disruption. We examined effects of several prostanoids (prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2alpha, prostaglandin I2 and U46619) on delay of the recovery process of mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption with treatment of indomethacin. Topically applied prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 accelerated the recovery of cutaneous barrier disruption and topical application of prostaglandin J2, limaprost, sulprostone and ONO-4819, but not 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin D2, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2, 17-phenyl-trinor-prostaglandin E2 or butaprost had effects on recovery of the cutaneous barrier. These results suggest that prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 accelerate the recovery process of cutaneous barrier disruption caused by mechanical scratching, via specific prostanoid DP1, EP3 and EP4 receptors.
Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Alprostadil; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heptanoates; Indomethacin; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Prostaglandin D2; Pruritus; Receptors, Prostaglandin E; Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; Skin; Stress, Mechanical; Time Factors; Water Loss, Insensible
PubMed: 16000196
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.006