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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), one of the most common diseases in older men, adversely affects quality-of-life due to the presence of low urinary tract symptoms... (Review)
Review
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), one of the most common diseases in older men, adversely affects quality-of-life due to the presence of low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Numerous data support the presence of an association between BPH-related LUTS (BPH-LUTS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Whether hormonal changes occurring in MetS play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH-LUTS is a debated issue. Therefore, this article aimed to systematically review the impact of hormonal changes that occur during aging on the prostate, including the role of sex hormones, insulin-like growth factor 1, thyroid hormones, and insulin. The possible explanatory mechanisms of the association between BPH-LUTS and MetS are also discussed. In particular, the presence of a male polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)-equivalent may represent a possible hypothesis to support this link. Male PCOS-equivalent has been defined as an endocrine syndrome with a metabolic background, which predisposes to the development of type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, prostate cancer, BPH and prostatitis in old age. Its early identification would help prevent the onset of these long-term complications.
Topics: Age of Onset; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Endocrinology; Humans; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis
PubMed: 33692752
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.554078 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2018Current medical literature does not describe precisely the activation and mechanisms of prostate orgasms. This brief review describes what we know about the anatomy and... (Review)
Review
Current medical literature does not describe precisely the activation and mechanisms of prostate orgasms. This brief review describes what we know about the anatomy and physiology of the prostate and its involvement in reproduction and especially its stimulation for sexual recreation. It is illustrated with a highly relevant case history. Clin. Anat. 31:81-85, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Ejaculation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orgasm; Postoperative Complications; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
PubMed: 29265651
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23006 -
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases Sep 2018The human microbiome may influence prostate cancer initiation and/or progression through both direct and indirect interactions. To date, the majority of studies have... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The human microbiome may influence prostate cancer initiation and/or progression through both direct and indirect interactions. To date, the majority of studies have focused on direct interactions including the influence of prostate infections on prostate cancer risk and, more recently, on the composition of the urinary microbiome in relation to prostate cancer. Less well understood are indirect interactions of the microbiome with prostate cancer, such as the influence of the gastrointestinal or oral microbiota on pro- or anti-carcinogenic xenobiotic metabolism, and treatment response.
METHODS
We review the literature to date on direct and indirect interactions of the microbiome with prostate inflammation and prostate cancer.
RESULTS
Emerging studies indicate that the microbiome can influence prostate inflammation in relation to benign prostate conditions such as prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia, as well as in prostate cancer. We provide evidence that the human microbiome present at multiple anatomic sites (urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, etc.) may play an important role in prostate health and disease.
CONCLUSIONS
In health, the microbiome encourages homeostasis and helps educate the immune system. In dysbiosis, a systemic inflammatory state may be induced, predisposing remote anatomical sites to disease, including cancer. The microbiome's ability to affect systemic hormone levels may also be important, particularly in a disease such as prostate cancer that is dually affected by estrogen and androgen levels. Due to the complexity of the potential interconnectedness between prostate cancer and the microbiome, it is vital to further explore and understand the relationships that are involved.
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 29795140
DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0041-1 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Jul 2016Ejaculation is a synchronized cascade of events that has the ultimate goal of activating sperm and enabling them to reach an egg for fertilization. The seminal plasma... (Review)
Review
Ejaculation is a synchronized cascade of events that has the ultimate goal of activating sperm and enabling them to reach an egg for fertilization. The seminal plasma contains a complex mixture of fluids that is secreted from the testes, epididymis and male accessory glands. The prostate gland has a pivotal role in this process, as prostatic fluid enriched in Zn(2+), citrate and kallikreins is crucial for the molecular synchronization of the functional cascade triggered by ejaculatory stimuli. The prostate is the target of a number of common diseases that can affect male fertility at different ages. In both young and aged men, prostatic diseases or an unhealthy prostate can affect spermatozoa functioning and, therefore, male fertility. Consideration of prostate physiology emphasizes a number of points: the central role of Zn(2+) and citrate in the regulation of prostate epithelium homeostasis and in ejaculation; the influence of bacteria-related prostatic inflammation on male fertility; and the potential role of prostatic inflammation in promoting the development of prostatic hyperplastic growth and carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Ejaculation; Health Status; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Semen; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 27245504
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.89 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2023Prostate disorders are commonplace in medicine, especially in older men, with prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer being the most abundant... (Review)
Review
Prostate disorders are commonplace in medicine, especially in older men, with prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer being the most abundant pathologies. The complexity of this organ, however, turns treatment into a challenge. In this review, we aim to provide insight into the efficacy of alternative treatments, which are not normally used in conventional medicine, with a particular focus on nutrients. In order to understand why and how nutrition can be beneficial in diseases of the prostate, we give an overview of the known characteristics and features of this organ. Then, we provide a summary of the most prevalent prostate illnesses. Finally, we propose nutrition-based treatment in each of these prostate problems, based on in-depth research concerning its effects in this context, with an emphasis on surgery. Overall, we plead for an upgrade of this form of alternative treatment to a fully recognized mode of therapy for the prostate.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis
PubMed: 35021909
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2013158 -
Andrologia Dec 2018The prostate is the seat of three major causes of morbidity: benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer and prostatitis, three conditions in which inflammation has... (Review)
Review
The prostate is the seat of three major causes of morbidity: benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer and prostatitis, three conditions in which inflammation has been implicated. A state of inflammation of the prostate gland, originally incited by an infection, an autoimmune response, a neurogenic stimulus or another trigger may have consequences on prostate functionality. In fact, male fertility depends intrinsically on the content of prostatic fluid factors secreted by the prostatic epithelium. Taking into account that the prostate gland is the major male accessory gland that exerts essential functions for male fertility, a state of local inflammation can alter male fertility by either directly impairing sperm quality or, indirectly, by causing prostate dysfunction. In the present review, we summarise the current knowledge regarding prostatitis due to well-known infections such as Escherichia coli, Chlamydia trachomatis and other commonly identified microorganisms focusing on inflammatory markers detected during these infections and seminal quality and male fertility alterations reported. We also focused on type III prostatitis or chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, of unknown aetiology, in which inflammation of an autoimmune origin, neurogenic stimuli or another trigger have been proposed and fertility alterations reported.
Topics: Autoimmunity; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chronic Disease; Escherichia coli; Fertility; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Prostate; Prostatitis; Semen
PubMed: 30569650
DOI: 10.1111/and.13093 -
Seminars in Roentgenology Jan 1993
Review
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 7682014
DOI: 10.1016/s0037-198x(05)80113-0 -
American Family Physician Jan 2016Acute bacterial prostatitis is an acute infection of the prostate gland that causes pelvic pain and urinary tract symptoms, such as dysuria, urinary frequency, and... (Review)
Review
Acute bacterial prostatitis is an acute infection of the prostate gland that causes pelvic pain and urinary tract symptoms, such as dysuria, urinary frequency, and urinary retention, and may lead to systemic symptoms, such as fevers, chills, nausea, emesis, and malaise. Although the true incidence is unknown, acute bacterial prostatitis is estimated to comprise approximately 10% of all cases of prostatitis. Most acute bacterial prostatitis infections are community acquired, but some occur after transurethral manipulation procedures, such as urethral catheterization and cystoscopy, or after transrectal prostate biopsy. The physical examination should include abdominal, genital, and digital rectal examination to assess for a tender, enlarged, or boggy prostate. Diagnosis is predominantly made based on history and physical examination, but may be aided by urinalysis. Urine cultures should be obtained in all patients who are suspected of having acute bacterial prostatitis to determine the responsible bacteria and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Additional laboratory studies can be obtained based on risk factors and severity of illness. Radiography is typically unnecessary. Most patients can be treated as outpatients with oral antibiotics and supportive measures. Hospitalization and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics should be considered in patients who are systemically ill, unable to voluntarily urinate, unable to tolerate oral intake, or have risk factors for antibiotic resistance. Typical antibiotic regimens include ceftriaxone and doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin/tazobactam. The risk of nosocomial bacterial prostatitis can be reduced by using antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, before transrectal prostate biopsy.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Disease Management; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatitis
PubMed: 26926407
DOI: No ID Found -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Aug 2011Several reports have shown that the incidence of prostate cancer is on the increase and that more men would be diagnosed of prostate cancer in the next decades. Many... (Review)
Review
Several reports have shown that the incidence of prostate cancer is on the increase and that more men would be diagnosed of prostate cancer in the next decades. Many approaches are being applied towards reducing the cases of prostate cancer, especially in the very rich countries. However, these have not been effective due to the poor current understanding of the pathophysiology of prostate carcinogenesis. The current work presents a review of how chronic infection and inflammation may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Oxidative Stress; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis
PubMed: 21397049
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.002 -
The Journal of Urology May 2018We performed a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of inflammation on prostate needle biopsies and prostate cancer risk. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
We performed a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of inflammation on prostate needle biopsies and prostate cancer risk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We searched Embase®, PubMed® and Web of Science™ from January 1, 1990 to October 1, 2016 for abstracts containing the key words prostate cancer, inflammation and biopsy. Study inclusion criteria were original research, adult human subjects, cohort or case-control study design, histological inflammation on prostate needle biopsy and prostate cancer on histology. Two independent teams reviewed abstracts and extracted data from the selected manuscripts. Combined ORs and 95% CIs of any, acute and chronic inflammation were calculated using the random effects method.
RESULTS
Of the 1,030 retrieved abstracts 46 underwent full text review and 25 were included in the final analysis, comprising a total of 20,585 subjects and 6,641 patients with prostate cancer. There was significant heterogeneity among studies (I = 84.4%, p <0.001). The presence of any inflammation was significantly associated with a lower prostate cancer risk in 25 studies (OR 0.455, 95% CI 0.337-0.573). There was no evidence of publication bias (p >0.05). When subanalyzed by inflammation type, acute inflammation in 4 studies and chronic inflammation in 15 were each associated with a lower prostate cancer risk (OR 0.681, 95% CI 0.450-0.913 and OR 0.499, 95% CI 0.334-0.665, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
In a meta-analysis of 25 studies inflammation on prostate needle biopsy was associated with a lower prostate cancer risk. Clinically the presence of inflammation on prostate needle biopsy may lower the risk of a subsequent prostate cancer diagnosis.
Topics: Biopsy, Needle; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 29246732
DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.11.120