-
Genes & Development Sep 2018Despite the high long-term survival in localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer remains largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. The... (Review)
Review
Despite the high long-term survival in localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer remains largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. The lethality of advanced disease is driven by the lack of therapeutic regimens capable of generating durable responses in the setting of extreme tumor heterogeneity on the genetic and cell biological levels. Here, we review available prostate cancer model systems, the prostate cancer genome atlas, cellular and functional heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance, and technological advances focused on disease detection and management. These advances, along with an improved understanding of the adaptive responses to conventional cancer therapies, anti-androgen therapy, and immunotherapy, are catalyzing development of more effective therapeutic strategies for advanced disease. In particular, knowledge of the heterotypic interactions between and coevolution of cancer and host cells in the tumor microenvironment has illuminated novel therapeutic combinations with a strong potential for more durable therapeutic responses and eventual cures for advanced disease. Improved disease management will also benefit from artificial intelligence-based expert decision support systems for proper standard of care, prognostic determinant biomarkers to minimize overtreatment of localized disease, and new standards of care accelerated by next-generation adaptive clinical trials.
Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Gene Fusion; Humans; Male; Mice; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 30181359
DOI: 10.1101/gad.315739.118 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Prostate cancer has a long disease history and a wide variety and uncertainty in individual patients' clinical progress. In recent years, we have seen a revolutionary... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer has a long disease history and a wide variety and uncertainty in individual patients' clinical progress. In recent years, we have seen a revolutionary advance in both prostate cancer patient care and in the research field. The power of deep sequencing has provided cistromic and transcriptomic knowledge of prostate cancer that has not discovered before. Our understanding of prostate cancer biology, from bedside and molecular imaging techniques, has also been greatly advanced. It is important that our current theragnostic schemes, including our diagnostic modalities, therapeutic responses, and the drugs available to target non-AR signaling should be improved. This review article discusses the current progress in the understanding of prostate cancer biology and the recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Male; Humans; Receptors, Androgen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostate; Signal Transduction; Pelvis
PubMed: 36430730
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214257 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.
Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Salvage Therapy
PubMed: 36080493
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175730 -
Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology Jun 2014Approximately 15% of patients with prostate cancer are diagnosed with high-risk disease. However, the current definitions of high-risk prostate cancer include a... (Review)
Review
Approximately 15% of patients with prostate cancer are diagnosed with high-risk disease. However, the current definitions of high-risk prostate cancer include a heterogeneous group of patients with a range of prognoses. Some have the potential to progress to a lethal phenotype that can be fatal, while others can be cured with treatment of the primary tumour alone. The optimal management of this patient subgroup is evolving. A refined classification scheme is needed to enable the early and accurate identification of high-risk disease so that more-effective treatment paradigms can be developed. We discuss several principles established from clinical trials, and highlight other questions that remain unanswered. This Review critically evaluates the existing literature focused on defining the high-risk population, the management of patients with high-risk prostate cancer, and future directions to optimize care.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24840073
DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.68 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2018This chapter provides a brief overview of prostate cancer statistics, grading, diagnosis and treatment strategies that are discussed in more detail in the subsequent... (Review)
Review
This chapter provides a brief overview of prostate cancer statistics, grading, diagnosis and treatment strategies that are discussed in more detail in the subsequent chapters of this book and the companion book titled "Clinical Molecular and Diagnostic Imaging of Prostate Cancer and Treatment Strategies". It also points to websites that provide additional useful information for patients affected by prostate cancer and for students and teachers to obtain practical and updated information on research, new diagnostic modalities and new therapies including new updated clinical trials. Three sections are focused on overview of prostate cancer statistics; overview of detection, diagnosis, stages and grading of prostate cancer; and treatment possibilities and options.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Grading; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30229546
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95693-0_1 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Nov 2022Prostate cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed non-skin malignancy in male patients, still representing one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide.... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed non-skin malignancy in male patients, still representing one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Evidence is mounting that suggests the putative role of microbiota in the carcinogenesis as well as in modulating the efficacy and activity of anticancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies) in a large number of hematological and solid tumors. However, few data are available regarding the interactions between prostate cancer and microbiome so far, in particular in terms of the impact of microbiota on disease development, pathogenesis, and response to medical treatments in this genitourinary malignancy. Herein, we provide an overview of current knowledge, novel insights and emerging therapeutic approaches related to gastrointestinal and genitourinary microbiome in prostate cancer patients, especially focusing on available evidence and published trials on this topic.
Topics: Humans; Male; Microbiota; Prostatic Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis
PubMed: 34536504
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.007 -
Journal of Medicine and Life 2017Knowing the indolent, non-invasive nature of most types of prostate cancer, as well as the simple fact that the disease seems more likely to be associated with age... (Review)
Review
Knowing the indolent, non-invasive nature of most types of prostate cancer, as well as the simple fact that the disease seems more likely to be associated with age rather than with other factors (50% of men at the age of 50 and 80% at the age of 80 have it [], with or without presenting any symptom), the big challenge of this clinical entity was to determine severity indicators (so far insufficient) to guide the physician towards an adequate attitude in the clinical setting. The risk of over-diagnosing and over-treating many prostate cancer cases (indicated by all the major European and American studies) is real and poses many question marks. The present paper was meant to deliver new research data and to reset the clinical approach in prostate cancer cases.
Topics: Disease Progression; Early Detection of Cancer; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hormones; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 28255369
DOI: No ID Found -
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine Nov 2016Prostate cancer (PC) is a major disease that affects men's health worldwide. It is the second most common form of cancer in men, surpassed only by nonmelanoma skin... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PC) is a major disease that affects men's health worldwide. It is the second most common form of cancer in men, surpassed only by nonmelanoma skin cancers such as basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Diagnostic strategies with population screening for prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been surrounded with controversy and debated intensively ever since the PSA protein was first purified in 1979 by Wang et al. At the same time, advances in diagnostic imaging, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have increased the opportunity to effectively diagnose, treat, and manage PC. Given the sheer burden of PC disease in Denmark and worldwide, new and innovative strategies for cancer diagnosis and care are needed. This article is a short review of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the care and management of prostate cancer in Denmark.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Watchful Waiting
PubMed: 27825428
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.07.002 -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Mar 2018Prostate cancer is a disease that presents a wide spectrum from low aggressiveness localized to disseminated cancer. Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) is a... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Prostate cancer is a disease that presents a wide spectrum from low aggressiveness localized to disseminated cancer. Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) is a particularly difficult to manage phase of this spectrum.
OBJECTIVES
We review the definition, diagnosis and treatment of this phase of the disease.
METHODS
We performed a non systematic literature review of the most relevant features of this pathology.
RESULTS
LAPC is more aggressive than organ confined disease. Its clinical diagnosis is not always easy. Local treatment, in spite of being aggressive with potential sequelae, seems to be advantageous in terms of patient survival.
CONCLUSIONS
Prostate cancer local staging is currently based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Local radical treatment with surgery or radiotherapy, with probable addition of systemic treatment, offers promising results for disease control and quality of life improvement.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29633943
DOI: No ID Found -
Nature Reviews. Urology Nov 2017Genome sequencing and gene expression analyses of prostate tumours have highlighted the potential importance of genetic and epigenetic changes observed in WNT signalling... (Review)
Review
Genome sequencing and gene expression analyses of prostate tumours have highlighted the potential importance of genetic and epigenetic changes observed in WNT signalling pathway components in prostate tumours - particularly in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. WNT signalling is also important in the prostate tumour microenvironment, in which WNT proteins secreted by the tumour stroma promote resistance to therapy, and in prostate cancer stem or progenitor cells, in which WNT-β-catenin signals promote self-renewal or expansion. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential of inhibitors that target WNT receptor complexes at the cell membrane or that block the interaction of β-catenin with lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 and the androgen receptor, in preventing prostate cancer progression. Some WNT signalling inhibitors are in phase I trials, but they have yet to be tested in patients with prostate cancer.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 28895566
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.144