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Clinics in Geriatric Medicine May 1997Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men and the second leading cause of death in men aged 65 years or older. This article reviews the epidemiology and... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men and the second leading cause of death in men aged 65 years or older. This article reviews the epidemiology and the principles of screening and management of prostate cancer.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prevalence; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 9115452
DOI: No ID Found -
Nursing Standard (Royal College of... Aug 2022Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK. It is a disease with no specific preventable risk factors, no specific signs and symptoms, and a...
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK. It is a disease with no specific preventable risk factors, no specific signs and symptoms, and a significant health burden. This article explains the various treatment options available for patients with prostate cancer, with the aim of assisting nurses in supporting person-centred decision-making. It also discusses the risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, staging, grading and risk stratification of prostate cancer.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35734933
DOI: 10.7748/ns.2022.e11819 -
The Prostate May 2023Prostate cancer is addicted to androgens. The steroidogenic enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (3βHSD1) recognizes pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA),... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Prostate cancer is addicted to androgens. The steroidogenic enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (3βHSD1) recognizes pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and steroidal medicine abiraterone as substrates to accelerate disease progression.
METHODS
References for this review were identified through searches of PubMed with the search terms "prostate cancer", "HSD3B1", and "3bHSD1" from 1990 until June, 2022.
RESULTS
Genotype of 3βHSD1 has been reported to correlate with tumor aggressiveness of advanced prostate cancer in multiple clinical scenarios. The ethnic differences and limitations of using 3βHSD1 genotype as a prognostic biomarker have been discussed here. The activity of 3βHSD1 increases in patients treated with abiraterone and enzalutamide, giving rise to treatment resistance. Further elucidation of 3βHSD1 regulatory mechanisms will shed light on more approaches for disease intervention. We also review the recent advance on 3βHSD1 inhibitors and targeting 3βHSD1 for prostate cancer management. Novel 3βHSD1 inhibitors will be needed to provide additional options for prostate cancer management.
CONCLUSION
3βHSD1 is both a predictive biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
Topics: Male; Humans; Precision Medicine; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Androgens; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Nitriles
PubMed: 36842160
DOI: 10.1002/pros.24504 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2015Cancer stem cells have been defined as cells within a tumor that possesses the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that... (Review)
Review
Cancer stem cells have been defined as cells within a tumor that possesses the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. Experimental evidence showed that these highly tumorigenic cells might be responsible for initiation and progression of cancer into invasive and metastatic disease. Eradicating prostate cancer stem cells, the root of the problem, has been considered as a promising target in prostate cancer treatment to improve the prognosis for patients with advanced stages of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Signal Transduction; Stem Cell Niche
PubMed: 26593898
DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126036 -
Urology Dec 2017To critically analyze the available evidence regarding the incidence, etiopathogenesis, and management of prostate cancer (CaP) in transgender women. In addition, this... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To critically analyze the available evidence regarding the incidence, etiopathogenesis, and management of prostate cancer (CaP) in transgender women. In addition, this article aims to present a recent case report of a transgender woman with a unique presentation at the author's institution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An electronic nonsystematic literature search was performed to identify pertinent studies. PubMed search engine was queried by using the following search terms: "prostate cancer," "male to female transsexual," "transgender patient," "androgen + prostate cancer," "estrogen therapy + prostate cancer," and "health care barrier." In addition, a clinical case managed at our institution was reviewed and critically discussed.
RESULTS
Including our case, there have been only 10 documented cases of CaP in transgender women. Additionally, an emerging body of literature has questioned the role of androgens in the development of CaP and suggested that estrogen therapy may not be as protective as initially thought. Therefore, the current evidence suggests that the transgender woman should be screened for CaP the same as a nontransgender men. Barriers to care in the transgender female population include accessing resources, medical knowledge deficits, ethics of transition-related medical care, diagnosing vs pathologizing transgender patients, financial restrictions of the patient, and health system determinants.
CONCLUSION
Although rare, CaP in transgender women has been documented. Both the mechanism and the impact of receiving a bilateral orchiectomy on disease development are unclear. Future study is needed to examine these factors, and to further shape the treatment and screening regimen for these patients.
Topics: Disorders of Sex Development; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 28882782
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.08.032 -
The Journal of Urology Apr 2021We sought to identify new information evaluating clinically localized prostate cancer therapies. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
We sought to identify new information evaluating clinically localized prostate cancer therapies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bibliographic databases (2013-January 2020), ClinicalTrials.gov and systematic reviews were searched for controlled studies of treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer with duration ≥5 years for mortality and metastases, and ≥1 year for harms.
RESULTS
We identified 67 eligible references. Among patients with clinically, rather than prostate specific antigen, detected localized prostate cancer, watchful waiting may increase mortality and metastases but decreases urinary and erectile dysfunction vs radical prostatectomy. Comparative mortality effect may vary by tumor risk and age but not by race, health status, comorbidities or prostate specific antigen. Active monitoring probably results in little to no mortality difference in prostate specific antigen detected localized prostate cancer vs radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation plus androgen deprivation regardless of tumor risk. Metastases were slightly higher with active monitoring. Harms were greater with radical prostatectomy than active monitoring and mixed between external beam radiation plus androgen deprivation vs active monitoring. 3-Dimensional conformal radiation and androgen deprivation plus low dose rate brachytherapy provided small mortality reductions vs 3-dimensional conformal radiation and androgen deprivation but little to no difference on metastases. External beam radiation plus androgen deprivation vs external beam radiation alone may result in small mortality and metastasis reductions in higher risk disease but may increase sexual harms. Few new data exist on other treatments.
CONCLUSIONS
Radical prostatectomy reduces mortality vs watchful waiting in clinically detected localized prostate cancer but causes more harms. Effectiveness may be limited to younger men and those with intermediate risk disease. Active monitoring results in little to no mortality difference vs radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation plus androgen deprivation. Few new data exist on other treatments.
Topics: Comparative Effectiveness Research; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Watchful Waiting
PubMed: 33350857
DOI: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001578 -
Clinical Genitourinary Cancer Feb 2023The use of PSA screening has led to downstaging and downgrading of prostate cancer at diagnosis, increasing detection of indolent disease. Active surveillance aims to... (Review)
Review
The use of PSA screening has led to downstaging and downgrading of prostate cancer at diagnosis, increasing detection of indolent disease. Active surveillance aims to reduce over-treatment by delaying or avoiding radical treatment and its associated morbidity. However, there is not a consensus on the selection criteria and monitoring schedules that should be used. This article aims to summarize the evidence supporting the safety of active surveillance, the current selection criteria recommended and in use, the incidence of active surveillance, barriers existing to its uptake and future developments in patient selection.
Topics: Male; Humans; Watchful Waiting; Prostatic Neoplasms; Morbidity; Patient Selection; Prostate-Specific Antigen
PubMed: 36443163
DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2022.09.003 -
European Review For Medical and... Aug 2014Though the external beam radiation therapy is a standard treatment option for both organ-confined and regionally advanced prostate cancer, unluckily, despite more and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Though the external beam radiation therapy is a standard treatment option for both organ-confined and regionally advanced prostate cancer, unluckily, despite more and more effective advances in radiation delivery procedures, the prostate cancer radioresistance still occurs in a significant amount of patients undergone radiotherapy. This review aims to highlight the molecular aberrations of prostate cancer cell growth- and apoptosis signaling pathways that might induce, together with both prostate cancer cell/cancer stem cells gene- and surrounding microenvironment crucial implications, the tumor radioresistance.
METHODS
An up-dated review of several thorough studies on such matter.
RESULTS
The plenty of intriguing knowledge acquisitions about the prostate cancer radioresistance depending on cancer cell growth/ apoptosis signaling pathway-related molecular aberrations together with prostate cancer cell/cancer stem cell abnormal gene profile, may be the premise leading--on the basis of preclinical research in animal models--to clinically overcome the tumor radioresistance.
CONCLUSIONS
Current developments of radiosensitizer agents focusly targeting prostate cancer cell radioresistance-associated specific molecular/gene aberrations are directed to improve, by implementing customized tumor radiosensitization modalities, the radiation therapy outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiation Tolerance; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; Signal Transduction; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 25219826
DOI: No ID Found -
Tropical Doctor Jul 2002
Review
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 12139156
DOI: 10.1177/004947550203200312 -
Critical Reviews in Oncology/hematology Feb 1998
Review
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 9571318
DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(97)10024-5