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Future Oncology (London, England) Feb 2017To review the current landscape of outlier genes in the field of prostate cancer. (Review)
Review
AIM
To review the current landscape of outlier genes in the field of prostate cancer.
METHODS
A comprehensive review was performed.
RESULTS
Prostate cancer continues to be a significant worldwide health issue. In the era of personalized medicine, more emphasis is being placed on the ability to determine the timing, intensity and type of treatment, according to each patient's unique disease. Several commercial tests are available to determine the risk of aggressive prostate cancer based on genomic biomarkers and gene expression. Outlier genes represent a form of cancer classification that focuses on bimodal expression of a gene in a specific subset of patients. Outlier genes identified in prostate cancer include TMPRSS2-ERG, SPINK1, ScHLAP1, NVL, SMC4 and SQLE.
CONCLUSION
Classifying patient prostate cancers by outlier genes may allow for individualized cancer therapies and improved cancer therapy outcomes.
Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Testing; Genomics; Humans; Male; Precision Medicine; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27728977
DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0223 -
Seminars in Oncology Oct 2017Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a variable natural history. Therefore, optimal management remains challenging. While many men with newly diagnosed... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a variable natural history. Therefore, optimal management remains challenging. While many men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer may be candidates for active surveillance, there are others who will benefit from aggressive local therapy. Radical prostatectomy is associated with improvements in cancer-specific mortality, metastasis-free survival, and need for palliative treatments when compared with observation in several randomized controlled trials. Additionally, radical prostatectomy may have some oncologic benefit over radiation therapy. All aggressive therapy for prostate cancer negatively impacts erectile function and urinary continence. The decision for which treatment modality to pursue should incorporate shared decision making and consider cancer risk and severity in addition to patient preferences.
Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Male; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29580436
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2018.01.003 -
Endocrinology Sep 2021Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men in the United States. While the use of prostate-specific antigen has improved the ability to screen and... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men in the United States. While the use of prostate-specific antigen has improved the ability to screen and ultimately diagnose PCa, there still remain false positives due to noncancerous conditions in the prostate gland itself and other prognostic biomarkers for PCa are needed. Contents within extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers that can give valuable information about disease state, and have the additional benefit of being acquired through noninvasive liquid biopsies. Meaningful communication between cancer cells and the microenvironment are carried by EVs, which impact important cellular processes in prostate cancer such as metastasis, immune regulation, and drug resistance.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34232289
DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab139 -
Investigative and Clinical Urology Feb 2020The human gastrointestinal microbiome contains commensal bacteria and other microbiota that have been gaining increasing attention in the context of cancer development... (Review)
Review
The human gastrointestinal microbiome contains commensal bacteria and other microbiota that have been gaining increasing attention in the context of cancer development and response to treatment. Microbiota play a role in the maintenance of host barrier surfaces that contribute to both local inflammation and other systemic metabolic functions. In the context of prostate cancer, the gastrointestinal microbiome may play a role through metabolism of estrogen, an increase of which has been linked to the induction of prostatic neoplasia. Specific microbiota such as , , , , , and have been associated with differing risks of prostate cancer development or extensiveness of prostate cancer disease. In this Review, we discuss gastrointestinal microbiota's effects on prostate cancer development, the ability of the microbiome to regulate chemotherapy for prostate cancer treatment, and the importance of using Next Generation Sequencing to further discern the microbiome's systemic influence on prostate cancer.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 32055753
DOI: 10.4111/icu.2020.61.S1.S43 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2021Quercetin is a flavonoid agent detected in fruits and vegetables with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This flavonoid can suppress cell cycle... (Review)
Review
Quercetin is a flavonoid agent detected in fruits and vegetables with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This flavonoid can suppress cell cycle transition and induce apoptosis in neoplastic cells. Therapeutic effects of quercetin have been assessed in diverse cancers including prostate cancer through the establishment of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, this agent might prevent the initiation of this type of cancer as it indirectly blocks the activity of promoters of two important genes in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer i.e. androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen (PSA). Several in vitro investigations have identified the differential influence of quercetin on normal prostate cells versus neoplastic cells, emphasizing its specific cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells. The most appreciated route of quercetin effect on prostate cancer cells is the detachment of Bax from Bcl-xL and the stimulation of caspase families. Besides, quercetin might enhance the effects of other therapeutic options against prostate cancer. For instance, a combination of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and quercetin has been recommended as a novel modality for the treatment of prostate cancer. These kinds of strategies might overcome resistance to apoptosis in cancer cells. In the current paper, we summarize the recent data about the preventive and therapeutic influences of quercetin in prostate cancer.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Quercetin; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34311541
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111548 -
Histopathology Jan 2019The definition of clinically significant prostate cancer is a dynamic process that was initiated many decades ago, when there was already evidence that a great... (Review)
Review
The definition of clinically significant prostate cancer is a dynamic process that was initiated many decades ago, when there was already evidence that a great proportion of patients with prostate cancer diagnosed at autopsy never had any clinical symptoms. Autopsy studies led to examinations of radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens and the establishment of the definition of significant cancer at RP: tumour volume of 0.5 cm , Gleason grade 6 [Grade Group (GrG) 1], and organ-confined disease. RP studies were then used to develop prediction models for significant cancer by the use of needle biopsies. The first such model was used to delineate the first active surveillance (AS) criteria, known as the 'Epstein' criteria, in which patients with a cancer Gleason score of 3 + 3 = 6 (GrG1) involving fewer than two cores, and <50% of any given core, and a prostate-specific antigen density of <0.15 ng/ml per cm had a minimal risk of significant cancer at RP. These were adopted as components of the 'very-low-risk category' of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, in which AS is supported as a management option. With the increase in the popularity of AS, much research has been carried out to better define significant/insignificant cancer, in order to be able to safely offer AS to a larger proportion of patients without the risk of undertreatment. Research has focused on allowing higher volume tumours, focal extraprostatic extension, and a limited amount of Gleason pattern 4, and the significance of different morphological patterns of Gleason 4. Other areas of research that will probably impact on the field but that are not covered in this review include the molecular classification of tumours and imaging techniques.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30565298
DOI: 10.1111/his.13712 -
Scandinavian Journal of Urology and... 1999Recent research makes it probable that there is a hereditary form of prostate cancer. By identifying prostate cancer cases in the Swedish twin registry it was possible... (Review)
Review
Recent research makes it probable that there is a hereditary form of prostate cancer. By identifying prostate cancer cases in the Swedish twin registry it was possible to show a pronounced difference in proband concordance rates and correlation of liability between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, which indicates strongly that genetic factors are important for prostate cancer. In a nation-wide register cohort study it was found that the risk for prostate cancer was approximately two times higher among sons to prostate cancer patients when compared to Swedish men in general. By linkage analyses at least two loci for putative prostate cancer genes have been identified, one on chromosome 1 (1q24-25) and one on the X-chromosome (Xq27-28). Before genetic testing becomes available it was suggested that men with the familiar aggregation of prostate cancer should be evaluated with a PSA test on a regular basis.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 10636566
DOI: 10.1080/00365599950510012-1 -
Lakartidningen Apr 2024This article introduces a series of articles covering some of the most important aspects of contemporary prostate cancer care. After the introduction of the... (Review)
Review
This article introduces a series of articles covering some of the most important aspects of contemporary prostate cancer care. After the introduction of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and systematic prostate biopsies in the early 1990s, the incidence of localised prostate cancer and the use of radical treatment rose dramatically. Improved diagnostic methods and understanding of the tumour biology now reduce overdiagnosis and pave the way for organised screening. New and more effective treatments, in combination with the stage shift from advanced to localised disease at the time of diagnosis, have reduced the age-standardised prostate cancer specific mortality by half in men under the age of 85 years. The National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden (NPCR) has evolved over the past 25 years and now comprehensively supports clinical care and is an invaluable research data source. Patients' organisations have emerged as important players on the national arena.
Topics: Humans; Prostatic Neoplasms; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Sweden; Registries; Early Detection of Cancer
PubMed: 38661575
DOI: No ID Found -
Lakartidningen Apr 2024Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among Swedish men. To get this diagnose is not only a threat to the men's lives but also to their quality of life because the... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among Swedish men. To get this diagnose is not only a threat to the men's lives but also to their quality of life because the treatment often affects sexuality, bladder function and bowel function. It is therefore particularly problematic that the rehabilitation of men after treatment for prostate cancer often does not reach the standards set out in the national guidelines. Despite the past years' promotion of standardized cancer care pathways to speed up the process of investigating and treating cancer, the lead times for men who are being investigated for a suspicion of prostate cancer, or are waiting for a planned prostate cancer treatment, are the longest in Swedish cancer care. Patients' organisations are currently active in all 21 Swedish regions to support men with prostate cancer and their near ones. Their national umbrella organisation is increasingly involved in various healthcare organisations, such as the National Prostate Cancer Guidelines Group, and supports clinical prostate cancer research.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sweden; Quality of Life; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 38651688
DOI: No ID Found -
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine Jul 2019Accurate tumor detection and establishment of disease extent are important for optimal management of prostate cancer. Disease stage, beginning with identification of the... (Review)
Review
Accurate tumor detection and establishment of disease extent are important for optimal management of prostate cancer. Disease stage, beginning with identification of the index prostate lesion, followed by primary tumor, lymph node, and distant metastasis evaluation, provide crucial clinical information that not only have prognostic and predictive value, but guide patient management. A wide array of radiological imaging modalities including ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have been used for the purpose of prostate cancer staging with variable diagnostic performance. Especially, the last years have seen remarkable technological advances in magnetic resonance imaging technology, enabling referring clinicians and radiologists to obtain even more valuable data regarding staging of prostate cancer. Marked improvements have been seen in detection of the index prostate lesion and evaluation of extraprostatic extension while further improvements are still needed in identifying metastatic lymph nodes. Novel approaches such as whole-body MRI are emerging for more accurate and reproducible assessment of bone metastasis. Post-treatment assessment of prostate cancer using radiological imaging is a topic with rapidly changing clinical context and special consideration is needed for the biochemical setting, that is, the relatively high serum prostate-specific antigen levels in studies assessing the value of radiological imaging for post-treatment assessment and emerging therapeutic approaches such as early salvage radiation therapy. The scope of this review is to provide the reader insight into the various ways radiology contribute to staging of prostate cancer in the context of both primary staging and post-treatment assessment. The strengths and limitations of each imaging modality are highlighted as well as topics that warrant future research.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiology
PubMed: 31227052
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.02.007