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Nursing Standard (Royal College of...Essential facts Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and makes up 26 per cent of all male cancer diagnoses in the UK. According to the charity Prostate...
Essential facts Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and makes up 26 per cent of all male cancer diagnoses in the UK. According to the charity Prostate Cancer UK, more than 40,000 men are diagnosed with the disease every year. However, prostate cancer can be slow growing and many men have a cancer that will not cause them harm in their lifetime, says the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors; United Kingdom
PubMed: 24568399
DOI: 10.7748/ns2014.02.28.26.18.s25 -
Nursing Standard (Royal College of... Jun 2016Essential facts Prostate cancer starts in the prostate gland, at the base of the bladder in men. It surrounds the first part of the urethra, which carries urine from the...
Essential facts Prostate cancer starts in the prostate gland, at the base of the bladder in men. It surrounds the first part of the urethra, which carries urine from the bladder. The prostate gland helps in the production of semen, which is also carried in the urethra. It is the most common cancer in men - one in eight will develop it during their lifetime.
Topics: Education, Nursing, Continuing; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors; United Kingdom
PubMed: 27275890
DOI: 10.7748/ns.30.40.17.s20 -
Australasian Physical & Engineering... Mar 2019Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is an imaging modality that combines anatomical MR imaging with one or more functional MRI sequences. It has become a versatile tool for... (Review)
Review
Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is an imaging modality that combines anatomical MR imaging with one or more functional MRI sequences. It has become a versatile tool for detecting and characterising prostate cancer (PCa). The traditional role of mpMRI was confined to PCa staging, but due to the advanced imaging techniques, its role has expanded to various stages in clinical practises including tumour detection, disease monitor during active surveillance and sequential imaging for patient follow-up. Meanwhile, with the growing speed of data generation and the increasing volume of imaging data, it is highly demanded to apply computerised methods to process mpMRI data and extract useful information. Hence quantitative analysis for imaging data using radiomics has become an emerging paradigm. The application of radiomics approaches in prostate cancer has not only enabled automatic localisation of the disease but also provided a non-invasive solution to assess tumour biology (e.g. aggressiveness and the presence of hypoxia). This article reviews mpMRI and its expanding role in PCa detection, staging and patient management. Following that, an overview of prostate radiomics will be provided, with a special focus on its current applications as well as its future directions.
Topics: Algorithms; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30762223
DOI: 10.1007/s13246-019-00730-z -
The Urologic Clinics of North America Nov 2017Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been conventional treatment of newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer for more than 70 years. However, all patients... (Review)
Review
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been conventional treatment of newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer for more than 70 years. However, all patients eventually become castration-resistant and a significant proportion of life span is spent in the castration-resistant state. Prospective randomized control trials have incorporated early chemotherapy along with ADT based on the hypothesis that a significant level of resistance to ADT already exists in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer and ADT exhibits synergistic antitumor activity with taxanes. We discuss the changing landscape of management of patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer based on recently published landmark randomized trials.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29107277
DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2017.07.008 -
NMR in Biomedicine Jan 2014In many studies, it has been demonstrated that (1)H MRSI of the human prostate has great potential to aid prostate cancer management, e.g. in the detection and... (Review)
Review
In many studies, it has been demonstrated that (1)H MRSI of the human prostate has great potential to aid prostate cancer management, e.g. in the detection and localisation of cancer foci in the prostate or in the assessment of its aggressiveness. It is particularly powerful in combination with T2 -weighted MRI. Nevertheless, the technique is currently mainly used in a research setting. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of three-dimensional MRSI, including the specific hardware required, dedicated data acquisition sequences and information on the spectral content with background on the MR-visible metabolites. In clinical practice, it is important that relevant MRSI results become available rapidly, reliably and in an easy digestible way. However, this functionality is currently not fully available for prostate MRSI, which is a major obstacle for routine use by inexperienced clinicians. Routine use requires more automation in the processing of raw data than is currently available. Therefore, we pay specific attention in this review on the status and prospects of the automated handling of prostate MRSI data, including quality control. The clinical potential of three-dimensional MRSI of the prostate is illustrated with literature examples on prostate cancer detection, its localisation in the prostate, its role in the assessment of cancer aggressiveness and in the selection and monitoring of therapy.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protons
PubMed: 23761200
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2973 -
European Urology Apr 2022New imaging techniques are more sensitive in prostate cancer and reveal sites of disease that may never have been seen with conventional imaging, resulting in stage...
New imaging techniques are more sensitive in prostate cancer and reveal sites of disease that may never have been seen with conventional imaging, resulting in stage migration and potentially a change in the clinical management. Until long-term data provide a better understanding of the natural history of the disease defined by more sensitive imaging, patients and clinicians should recognise the considerable uncertainty about whether these improve outcomes. It is hoped that the next iteration of the TNM classification will recognise the problem in some way.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35094898
DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.01.002 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... May 2009The canine prostate gland shares many morphological and functional similarities with the human prostate and dogs are the only other large mammals that commonly develop... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The canine prostate gland shares many morphological and functional similarities with the human prostate and dogs are the only other large mammals that commonly develop spontaneous prostate cancer. However, the incidence of prostate cancer is much lower in dogs and the precise cell of origin is not known. Dogs with prostate cancer usually present with advanced disease that does not respond to androgen deprivation therapy. Similar to humans, affected dogs often develop osteoblastic bone metastases in the pelvis and/or lumbar spine with associated pain and neurological deficits. Other clinical signs include weight loss, lethargy, and abnormal urination and/or defecation. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation have been used to treat dogs with prostate cancer, but success has been limited by the location and aggressive nature of the disease. It is evident that better methods of early detection and more effective therapies are needed for prostate cancer in dogs and advanced prostate carcinoma in men. Dogs with naturally-occurring prostate cancer are relevant models for the disease in humans and pre-clinical studies of new diagnostics and therapies in dogs may benefit both humans and dogs with prostate cancer.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 18786842
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.012 -
Ernst Schering Foundation Symposium... 2006Prostate cancer is now a common disease in men over 50 years of age. Medical therapies for prostate cancer are based on discoveries from the mid-twentieth century, and... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is now a common disease in men over 50 years of age. Medical therapies for prostate cancer are based on discoveries from the mid-twentieth century, and in the long term are rarely curative. Most treatments are directed towards an androgen receptor-expressing, highly proliferative target cell, which does indeed form the vast majority of cells in a prostate tumour. However, by invoking the existence of a cancer stem cell which, like normal epithelial stem cells in the prostate, does not express androgen receptor and is relatively quiescent, the observed resistance to most medical therapies can be explained. The phenotype of the prostate cancer stem cells is that of a basal cell and cultures derived from cancers, but not benign tissues, express a range of prostate cancer-associated RNAs. Furthermore, stem cells purified on the basis of alpha2beta1 high integrin and CD133 cell surface antigen expression, from an established culture of Gleason 4 (2+2) prostate cancer (P4E6), were able to form multiple intraprostatic tumours in nude mice when grafted orthotopically in a matrigel plug containing human prostatic stroma. The final tumours reexpressed androgen receptor and displayed a histology similar to that of a Gleason 4 cancer.
Topics: Cell Separation; Gene Expression; Genetic Therapy; Humans; Immunotherapy; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Stem Cells
PubMed: 17939301
DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_050 -
Seminars in Oncology Nursing Nov 1993Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. New advances in screening and imaging allow earlier diagnosis, and... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. New advances in screening and imaging allow earlier diagnosis, and improved surgical techniques have reduced sexual dysfunction and incontinence that often resulted from radical prostatectomy. However, many questions remain. How can prostate cancer best be detected in an early curable form? What is the role of tumor markers? Who should be screened and how? What prognostic tools can help with decisions about appropriate therapy?
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 8290819
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-2081(05)80052-x -
Nature Reviews. Urology Mar 2015The combination of radiation treatment and long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been shown in multiple clinical trials to prolong overall survival in men... (Review)
Review
The combination of radiation treatment and long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been shown in multiple clinical trials to prolong overall survival in men with high-risk prostate cancer compared with either treatment alone. New radiation technologies enable the safe delivery of high radiation doses that improve cancer control compared with lower radiation doses. Based on the results of multiple randomized trials, clinical practice guidelines for high-risk prostate cancer recommend total radiation doses of at least 75.6 Gy, with long-term (2-3 years) ADT. Ongoing research into hypofractionated radiation treatment, whole-pelvic radiation, and combinations of radiation with novel hormonal agents could further improve cancer control and survival outcomes for patients with high-risk prostate cancer.
Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25708578
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.25