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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2018Despite significant progress in early detection and improved treatment modalities prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in American men which... (Review)
Review
Despite significant progress in early detection and improved treatment modalities prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in American men which results in about 30,000 deaths per year in the USA. An aggressive phenotype leading to 2.58% risk of dying from prostate cancer still exists and immunotherapy has offered new possibilities to treat metastatic prostate cancer that cannot be treated by other modalities. Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly growing field of research aimed at identifying biomarkers in immunodiagnosis and to develop new therapies by enabling the immune system to detect and destroy cancer cells. Immunotherapy falls into three different broad categories which are checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and vaccine immunotherapy. While immunotherapy to treat prostate cancer is still limited progress has been made; for treatment of advanced prostate cancer sipuleucel-T has been administered to patients in personalized doses to destroy prostate cancer cells which is promising and invites further research to determine immunotherapies for advanced prostate cancer. Antibody-based targeted immunotherapy and dendritic-cell-based vaccination are among the therapies that are currently being evaluated as promising approaches to treat prostate cancer. Combination immunotherapies include prostate cancer vaccines and radiotherapy for castration resistant prostate cancer. Microbial vectors for prostate cancer immunotherapy have been developed and bacterial strains have been engineered to express cancer-specific antigens, cytokines, and prodrug-converting cytokines. These approaches are addressed in the present review.
Topics: Cancer Vaccines; Humans; Immunologic Tests; Immunotherapy; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30324354
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99286-0_10 -
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology Apr 2020From a clinical perspective, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a valuable target for both diagnosis and radioligand therapy (RLT) of prostate cancer. The term... (Review)
Review
From a clinical perspective, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a valuable target for both diagnosis and radioligand therapy (RLT) of prostate cancer. The term 'specific' has been used to characterize a histologic hallmark of overexpression in the membrane of most prostate cancer. Many PSMA ligands have been developed since the previous decade and have been used in several clinical trials and clinical studies. However, procedure, specification, protocol, interpretation criteria, radiation dose, and cost-effectiveness of PSMA ligands have not been fully explained. Regardless of worldwide use of promising PSMA-ligand PET and RLT, it has not been approved in Japan. Expedited introduction of PSMA-ligand PET and RLT to Japan and implementation of clinical study are eager for many patients with prostate cancer.
Topics: Humans; Ligands; Male; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 32147685
DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyaa004 -
The Canadian Journal of Urology Oct 2020INTRODUCTION To interpret data and update the traditional categorization of prostate cancer in order to help treating clinicians make more informed decisions. These... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
INTRODUCTION To interpret data and update the traditional categorization of prostate cancer in order to help treating clinicians make more informed decisions. These updates include guidance regarding how to best use next generation imaging (NGI) with the caveat that the new imaging technologies are still a work in progress.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature review.
RESULTS
Critical goals in prostate cancer management include preventing or delaying emergence of distant metastases and progression to castration-resistant disease. Pathways for progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) involve transitional states: nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), and oligometastatic disease. Determination of clinical state depends in part on available imaging modalities. Currently, fluciclovine and gallium-68 (⁶⁸Ga) prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) are the NGI approaches with the most favorable combination of availability, specificity, and sensitivity. PET imaging can be used to help guide treatment selection in most patients. NGI can help determine patients who are candidates for new treatments, most notably (next-generation androgen antagonists, eg, apalutamide, enzalutamide, darolutamide), that can delay progression to advanced disease.
CONCLUSIONS
It is important to achieve a consensus on new and more easily understood terminology to clearly and effectively describe prostate cancer and its progression to health care professionals and patients. It is also important that description of disease states make clear the need to initiate appropriate treatment. This may be particularly important for disease in transition to mCRPC.
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
PubMed: 33049187
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular mechanisms and genetic alterations in prostate cancer: From diagnosis to targeted therapy.Cancer Letters May 2022Prostate cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies among men worldwide. Although the primary tumor can be successfully managed by surgery and radiotherapy,... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies among men worldwide. Although the primary tumor can be successfully managed by surgery and radiotherapy, advanced metastatic carcinoma requires better therapeutic approaches. In this context, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the initiation and progression of this disease is urgently needed, leading to the identification of new diagnostic/prognostic markers and the development of more effective treatments. Herein, the current state of knowledge of prostate cancer genetic alterations is discussed, with a focus on their potential in tumor detection and staging as well as in the screening of novel therapeutics.
Topics: Carcinoma; Humans; Male; Mutation; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 35276289
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215619 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Jun 2016Prostate cancer is a unique and heterogeneous disease. Currently, a major unmet clinical need exists to develop biomarkers that enable indolent disease to be... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is a unique and heterogeneous disease. Currently, a major unmet clinical need exists to develop biomarkers that enable indolent disease to be distinguished from aggressive disease. The prostate is an abundant secretor of glycoproteins of all types, and alterations in glycans are, therefore, attractive as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Despite progress over the past decade in profiling the genome and proteome, the prostate cancer glycoproteome remains relatively understudied. A wide range of alterations in the glycoproteins on prostate cancer cells can occur, including increased sialylation and fucosylation, increased O-β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) conjugation, the emergence of cryptic and high-mannose N-glycans and alterations to proteoglycans. Glycosylation can alter protein function and has a key role in many important biological processes in cancer including cell adhesion, migration, interactions with the cell matrix, immune surveillance, cell signalling and cellular metabolism; altered glycosylation in prostate cancer might modify some, or all of these processes. In the past three years, powerful tools such as glycosylation-specific antibodies and glycosylation gene signatures have been developed, which enable detailed analyses of changes in glycosylation. Thus, emerging data on these often overlooked modifications have the potential to improve risk stratification and therapeutic strategies in patients with prostate cancer.
Topics: Animals; Disease Progression; Glycosylation; Humans; Male; Polysaccharides; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 27091662
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.65 -
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics Feb 2020: Wnt signaling is important for normal development, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. However, aberrations in the pathway can lead to tumorigenesis and... (Review)
Review
: Wnt signaling is important for normal development, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. However, aberrations in the pathway can lead to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Recent genome-wide studies have demonstrated the frequent occurrence of Wnt pathway alterations in prostate cancer. Although alterations in the Wnt pathway in prostate cancer may have an impact on prognosis, recent studies suggest that the Wnt pathway also plays an important role in disease progression and treatment resistance.: We review the literature with regard to the potential prognostic significance of noncanonical Wnt signaling in prostate cancer. After a brief overview of the canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways, we discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for activation of Wnt signaling in prostate cancer. We focus on clinical evidence for noncanonical Wnt pathway components to serve as potential prognostic biomarkers.: Although many therapeutic options are available for men with prostate cancer, there remains an unmet need for prognostic and predictive biomarkers to precisely guide clinical management. Early evidence suggests that components of the noncanonical Wnt pathway may serve as prognostic biomarkers. However, prospective validation studies are necessary before these biomarkers can be routinely applied in the clinic.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Clinical Decision-Making; Disease Management; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Wnt Proteins; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 31814454
DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1702522 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2017The importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of various malignancies has been uncovered over the last few years. Their dysregulation often... (Review)
Review
The importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of various malignancies has been uncovered over the last few years. Their dysregulation often contributes to or is a result of tumour progression. In prostate cancer, the most common malignancy in men, lncRNAs can promote castration resistance, cell proliferation, invasion, and metastatic spread. Expression patterns of lncRNAs often change during tumour progression; their expression levels may constantly rise (e.g., HOX transcript antisense RNA, HOTAIR), or steadily decrease (e.g., downregulated RNA in cancer, DRAIC). In prostate cancer, lncRNAs likewise have diagnostic (e.g., prostate cancer antigen 3, PCA3), prognostic (e.g., second chromosome locus associated with prostate-1, SChLAP1), and predictive (e.g., metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1, MALAT-1) functions. Considering their dynamic role in prostate cancer, lncRNAs may also serve as therapeutic targets, helping to prevent development of castration resistance, maintain stable disease, and prohibit metastatic spread.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 28241429
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020473 -
Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis 2022Effective biomarkers provide the potential to significantly improve treatment decisions and outcomes in prostate cancer patients. While the literature is inundated with... (Review)
Review
Effective biomarkers provide the potential to significantly improve treatment decisions and outcomes in prostate cancer patients. While the literature is inundated with prostate cancer biomarkers in the early phases of testing, very few reach the clinic. Research should be focused on progressing effective biomarkers from discovery to clinical utility and implementation. Presented here is an overview of the biomarker development pathway and a discussion of the current issues impeding our efforts to deliver biomarkers that improve clinical outcomes in men with prostate cancer.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35993982
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevOncog.2022043394 -
The Prostate Jan 2021The 26th Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) Scientific Retreat was held from October 24-26, 2019 in Carlsbad, CA.
BACKGROUND
The 26th Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) Scientific Retreat was held from October 24-26, 2019 in Carlsbad, CA.
METHODS
The Annual PCF Scientific Retreat is a global scientific research conference that focuses on the most promising and interesting new research in the prostate cancer field, and topics arising from other fields that have the potential to impact and advance prostate cancer research and clinical care.
RESULTS
The primary topic areas addressed at the 2019 PCF Retreat included: (i) new insights into prostate cancer biology and treatment; (ii) new drugs and drug targets in prostate cancer; (iii) advances in prostate cancer genomics; (iv) lessons from the multi-arm, multistage randomized phase 3 STAMPEDE trial; (v) advances in immunotherapy for prostate cancer; (vi) factors contributing to prostate cancer racial disparities; (vii) treatment-associated small-cell/neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-SCNC); (viii) artificial intelligence and machine learning in cancer research and development; (ix) population science research on prostate cancer; and (x) prostate cancer research in the Department of Veterans Affairs.
CONCLUSIONS
This article reviews the presentations from the 2019 PCF Scientific Retreat. We hope that this knowledge will accelerate research leading to new understandings of prostate cancer biology and improve treatments for patients with prostate cancer.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunotherapy; Male; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 33085787
DOI: 10.1002/pros.24083 -
Oncology Nursing Forum Oct 1994To review the clinical manifestations, current treatment, and nursing management of prostate cancer. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To review the clinical manifestations, current treatment, and nursing management of prostate cancer.
DATA SOURCES
Published articles, book chapters, American Cancer Society booklets.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Prostate cancer is a slow-growing malignancy and usually is asymptomatic in its early stages. It causes acute urinary obstruction at more advanced stages, and patients may present with metastatic disease. Diagnosis is made by biopsy, and treatment options include periodic observation, surgery, radiotherapy hormonal manipulation, and chemotherapy with standard or investigational drugs or combination therapy. The major complications associated with surgery and radiation therapy are transient or permanent incontinence and impotence.
CONCLUSIONS
Because no definitive method for identifying clinically important lesions exists, much controversy surrounds prostate cancer treatment. Issues significant to the diagnosis and treatment of all stages of prostate cancer are identified, and nursing care concerns focusing on treatment and disease-related problems are presented.
IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE
Nursing care focuses on providing patients with accurate information to make informed decisions regarding treatment for early stage disease, on promoting comfort, and on preventing and managing treatment and disease-related complications. Nursing diagnoses include knowledge deficit; altered sexual patterns, body image disturbance, altered urinary elimination, diarrhea, impaired skin integrity, and pain, fatigue, bleeding, and infection, all of which are related to surgery, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and edema of the scrotum/lower extremities.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 7816678
DOI: No ID Found