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Nature Reviews. Urology Jul 2016Ejaculation is a synchronized cascade of events that has the ultimate goal of activating sperm and enabling them to reach an egg for fertilization. The seminal plasma... (Review)
Review
Ejaculation is a synchronized cascade of events that has the ultimate goal of activating sperm and enabling them to reach an egg for fertilization. The seminal plasma contains a complex mixture of fluids that is secreted from the testes, epididymis and male accessory glands. The prostate gland has a pivotal role in this process, as prostatic fluid enriched in Zn(2+), citrate and kallikreins is crucial for the molecular synchronization of the functional cascade triggered by ejaculatory stimuli. The prostate is the target of a number of common diseases that can affect male fertility at different ages. In both young and aged men, prostatic diseases or an unhealthy prostate can affect spermatozoa functioning and, therefore, male fertility. Consideration of prostate physiology emphasizes a number of points: the central role of Zn(2+) and citrate in the regulation of prostate epithelium homeostasis and in ejaculation; the influence of bacteria-related prostatic inflammation on male fertility; and the potential role of prostatic inflammation in promoting the development of prostatic hyperplastic growth and carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Ejaculation; Health Status; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Semen; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 27245504
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.89 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Prostatitis is a common urological condition that affects almost half of all men at some point in their life. The prostate gland has a dense nerve supply that... (Review)
Review
Prostatitis is a common urological condition that affects almost half of all men at some point in their life. The prostate gland has a dense nerve supply that contributes to the production of fluid to nourish sperm and the mechanism to switch between urination and ejaculation. Prostatitis can cause frequent urination, pelvic pain, and even infertility. Long-term prostatitis increases the risk of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis presents a complex pathogenesis, which has challenged medical research. Experimental studies of prostatitis require appropriate preclinical models. This review aimed to summarize and compare preclinical models of prostatitis based on their methods, success rate, evaluation, and range of application. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of prostatitis and advance basic research.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatitis; Semen; Pelvic Pain; Prostate; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 37228599
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183895 -
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering Nov 2022Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and is the most frequent benign tumor in men. To reduce BPH therapy...
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and is the most frequent benign tumor in men. To reduce BPH therapy complications, prostatic artery embolization (PAE) was developed to replace the surgical options. PAE is a minimally invasive technique in which emboli are injected into the prostate arteries (PA), obstructing the blood flow in the hypervascular nodules. In this work, a personalized PAE treatment strategy was proposed using patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD). First, the hemodynamics environment in the iliac arterial tree considering a large network of bifurcations was studied. The results showed complex blood flow patterns in the iliac arterial network. Subsequently, the transport of embolic particulates during PAE for the standard horizontal and hypothetical vertical patient positioning was simulated using Lagrangian particle tracking. Emboli of different sizes were released at various locations across the iliac arterial tree. The emboli entering the PA were mapped back to their initial location to create emboli release maps (ERMs). The obtained ERMs during the standard patient positioning for smaller emboli at certain release locations showed distinct regions in which if the emboli were released within these regions, all of them would reach the PA without nontarget embolization. During the hypothetical vertical patient positioning, the larger emboli formed a larger coherent region in the ERMs. Our patient-specific model can be used to find the best spatial location for emboli injection and perform the embolization procedure with minimal off-target delivery.
Topics: Arteries; Embolization, Therapeutic; Humans; Hydrodynamics; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35532245
DOI: 10.1115/1.4054515 -
Andrologia Oct 2003The theoretical background of drug penetration into the prostate is outlined, emphasizing the phenomenon of ion-trapping and the role of nonionic diffusion of weak... (Review)
Review
The theoretical background of drug penetration into the prostate is outlined, emphasizing the phenomenon of ion-trapping and the role of nonionic diffusion of weak acids, bases and amphoteric drugs across biological membranes with a pH gradient. Determination of drug concentrations in human prostatic secretion are problematic because of possible urinary contamination. Studies have been carried out mainly in healthy volunteers. The results have to be interpreted with caution, if not care was taken to rule out or at least identify urinary contamination. Analysing the concentrations of various fluoroquinolones in prostatic and seminal fluid as well as in prostatic tissue, it becomes obvious that the fluoroquinolones differ not only in plasma concentrations but also in their penetration ability to these sites. In spite of intensive investigations, our knowledge is still limited concerning the mechanisms that govern the transport of antibiotic drugs into and their activity in the various prostatic compartments and how the findings can be applied clinically. Nevertheless, overall the concentrations at the site of infection of most of the fluoroquinolones should be sufficient for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and vesiculitis caused by susceptible pathogens.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Body Fluids; Ciprofloxacin; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Male; Ofloxacin; Osmolar Concentration; Prostate; Semen
PubMed: 14535866
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Medical Research and Opinion 2015Prostatitis is a common disease in urology departments. Prostatic zinc accumulation is connected with the secretory function of the prostate, and zinc concentrations... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Prostatitis is a common disease in urology departments. Prostatic zinc accumulation is connected with the secretory function of the prostate, and zinc concentrations present in prostatic diseases differ greatly from the normal level. Studies have investigated the effect of chronic prostatitis on zinc concentration of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma, but have shown inconsistent results. Hence, we performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of chronic prostatitis on the zinc concentration of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma.
METHODS
Systematic literature searches were conducted with PubMed, Embase, Science Direct/Elsevier, CNKI and the Cochrane Library up to March 2015 for case-control studies that involved the relationship between chronic prostatitis and zinc concentration of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma. Meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager and Stata software. Standard mean differences (SMDs) of zinc concentration were identified with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) in a random- or fixed-effects model.
RESULTS
Our results illustrated that the zinc concentrations in prostatic fluid and seminal plasma from chronic prostatitis patients were significantly lower than normal controls (SMD [95% CI] -246.71 [-347.97, -145.44], -20.74 [-35.11, -6.37], respectively).
LIMITATIONS
The sample size of each study was relatively small, and a total of 731 chronic prostatitis patients and 574 normal controls were investigated in all fourteen studies. Several studies related to the subject were excluded due to lack of control data or means and standard deviations.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study illustrates that there was a significant negative effect of chronic prostatitis on zinc concentrations of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to better illuminate the negative impact of chronic prostatitis on zinc concentrations.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatitis; Semen; Zinc
PubMed: 26173049
DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1072707 -
The Journal of Urology Dec 1994We studied expressed prostatic secretions from 106 patients with prostatitis to determine the longitudinal course of prostatic fluid inflammation. Prostatic fluid... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study
We studied expressed prostatic secretions from 106 patients with prostatitis to determine the longitudinal course of prostatic fluid inflammation. Prostatic fluid specimens were collected from 14 patients with acute bacterial, 13 with chronic bacterial and 79 with abacterial prostatitis. White blood cells per high power microscopic field of the expressed prostatic secretion were counted under a cover slip. Inflammation in the expressed prostatic secretion was considered to be consistent with prostatitis if there were 10 or more white blood cells per high power field. The 14 patients with acute bacterial prostatitis had a mean of 10 visits with a mean followup of 59 months. Inflammation resolved within 1 month in 9 patients with acute bacterial prostatitis but it recurred in 5 other patients in association with urinary tract infection. The 13 patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis had a mean of 10 visits with a mean followup of 58 months. Episodic inflammation in the expressed prostatic secretion associated with urinary tract infection was seen in all patients during followup. The 79 patients with abacterial prostatitis had a mean of 7 visits with a mean followup of 40 months. Resolution of inflammation in the expressed prostatic secretion occurred in 9 patients (11%). Inflammation in the expressed prostatic secretion at followup was seen in 70 patients (89%), and 27 of the 79 patients (34%) had 10 or more white blood cells per high power field of expressed prostatic secretion in all subsequent specimens. In cases of abacterial prostatitis, neither the initial expressed prostatic secretion white blood count nor the presence of symptoms reliably predicted subsequent inflammation. The data suggest that prostatic inflammation resolves in most patients with acute bacterial prostatitis and is episodic in patients with chronic bacterial or abacterial prostatitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Bacterial Infections; Body Fluids; Chronic Disease; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Leukocytes; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatitis; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors
PubMed: 7966728
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)31662-2 -
The Journal of Urology Jan 1967
Topics: Body Fluids; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatitis
PubMed: 6016200
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)63000-3 -
Theriogenology Oct 2021Most old, intact male dogs usually have prostate disorders, especially benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatitis with or without abscesses, and concurrent cystitis....
Most old, intact male dogs usually have prostate disorders, especially benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatitis with or without abscesses, and concurrent cystitis. The successful treatment of dogs with prostatitis concurrent with cystitis has relied on choosing an appropriate antimicrobial drug based on a bacterial culture and drug sensitivity testing. The objective of the study was to compare the prevalence of bacterial species and results of drug susceptibility testing of bacteria that were isolated from the prostatic fluids and urine samples that were collected from dogs with both prostatitis and cystitis. One hundred and sixty intact male dogs, who presented with both diseases, were recruited for the study. The disease diagnoses were based on clinical history notes, physical examinations, abdominal ultrasonography, prostatic fluid cytology, urinalysis and bacterial cultures from both prostatic fluid and urine samples. The bacterial culture results demonstrated that the major species that were detected in either the prostatic fluid or urine samples were Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus spp., Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphylococcus spp. (26.5 %, 43/162) and Escherichia coli (26.1 %, 12/46) were the most prevalent species from the prostatic fluid and urine samples, respectively. Statistical tests revealed that there were no significantly different prevalence levels among the isolated bacteria between the prostatic fluid and urine samples. Imipenem and gentamicin were the most potent antimicrobial drugs tested against the bacterial isolates in the present study. However, the administration of imipenem to treat prostatitis and cystitis in dogs was of concern. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the antimicrobial drug susceptibility trends between the prostatic fluid and urine samples. Based on these results, a urine sample might be considered as an optional sample for bacterial cultures and antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing when it is not possible to collect a prostatic fluid sample.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Cystitis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prostatitis
PubMed: 34399384
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.07.026 -
Urology Aug 1976The concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were determined in prostatic fluid and tissue of the dog after constant intravenous infusion. Concentrations of...
The concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were determined in prostatic fluid and tissue of the dog after constant intravenous infusion. Concentrations of trimethoprim in both prostatic fluid and tissue exceeded the simultaneous serum concentrations, whereas the sulfamethoxazole prostatic fluid and tissue concentrations were much lower than the simultaneous serum concentrations. Prostatic tissue obtained from patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate also contained trimethoprim in higher but sulfamethoxazole in lower concentrations than the simultaneous serum concentrations after oral administration of these drugs preoperatively. In a patient with urinary diversion, trimethoprim was found in prostatic fluid in concentrations as high as forty-four times the simultaneous serum concentrations whereas sulfamethoxazole was found in concentrations representing only a fraction of the simultaneous serum concentrations. These findings lend support to the use of trimethoprim in the treatment of bacterial prostatitis.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Prostate; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim
PubMed: 960341
DOI: 10.1016/0090-4295(76)90339-3 -
Medical Hypotheses Jul 2014Several experiments show that prostatic fluid is continuously produced and it is drained from the prostate during urination and ejaculation. The mechanism which causes...
Several experiments show that prostatic fluid is continuously produced and it is drained from the prostate during urination and ejaculation. The mechanism which causes prostatic fluid to drain from the prostatic acini during urination is currently unclear. Also in current opinion such structures of the prostatic urethra as the urethral crest and the colliculus seminalis have no apparent functional significance. This article describes a mechanism for the draining of the prostatic acini that involves these prostatic urethral structures. It is hypothesized that the prostatic urethra works as a pump using the Venturi effect, in which urine is the carrying or motive liquid during voiding, in order to drain prostatic fluid (the carried liquid) from the acini. The urethral crest and the colliculus seminalis take part in controlling flow rates and liquid pressures for this pump to be effective. The calculated estimation of a pressure drop in the region of the colliculus seminalis during micturition was obtained using morphometric and uroflowmetric data and was used to confirm this hypothesis of prostatic acini drainage. As a consequence of this, a previously unknown function for these intra-prostatic urethral structures is described.
Topics: Body Fluids; Humans; Male; Prostate; Urethra; Urine
PubMed: 24767941
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.006