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American Family Physician Jan 2016Acute bacterial prostatitis is an acute infection of the prostate gland that causes pelvic pain and urinary tract symptoms, such as dysuria, urinary frequency, and... (Review)
Review
Acute bacterial prostatitis is an acute infection of the prostate gland that causes pelvic pain and urinary tract symptoms, such as dysuria, urinary frequency, and urinary retention, and may lead to systemic symptoms, such as fevers, chills, nausea, emesis, and malaise. Although the true incidence is unknown, acute bacterial prostatitis is estimated to comprise approximately 10% of all cases of prostatitis. Most acute bacterial prostatitis infections are community acquired, but some occur after transurethral manipulation procedures, such as urethral catheterization and cystoscopy, or after transrectal prostate biopsy. The physical examination should include abdominal, genital, and digital rectal examination to assess for a tender, enlarged, or boggy prostate. Diagnosis is predominantly made based on history and physical examination, but may be aided by urinalysis. Urine cultures should be obtained in all patients who are suspected of having acute bacterial prostatitis to determine the responsible bacteria and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Additional laboratory studies can be obtained based on risk factors and severity of illness. Radiography is typically unnecessary. Most patients can be treated as outpatients with oral antibiotics and supportive measures. Hospitalization and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics should be considered in patients who are systemically ill, unable to voluntarily urinate, unable to tolerate oral intake, or have risk factors for antibiotic resistance. Typical antibiotic regimens include ceftriaxone and doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin/tazobactam. The risk of nosocomial bacterial prostatitis can be reduced by using antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, before transrectal prostate biopsy.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Disease Management; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatitis
PubMed: 26926407
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2018Current medical literature does not describe precisely the activation and mechanisms of prostate orgasms. This brief review describes what we know about the anatomy and... (Review)
Review
Current medical literature does not describe precisely the activation and mechanisms of prostate orgasms. This brief review describes what we know about the anatomy and physiology of the prostate and its involvement in reproduction and especially its stimulation for sexual recreation. It is illustrated with a highly relevant case history. Clin. Anat. 31:81-85, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Ejaculation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orgasm; Postoperative Complications; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
PubMed: 29265651
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23006 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), one of the most common diseases in older men, adversely affects quality-of-life due to the presence of low urinary tract symptoms... (Review)
Review
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), one of the most common diseases in older men, adversely affects quality-of-life due to the presence of low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Numerous data support the presence of an association between BPH-related LUTS (BPH-LUTS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Whether hormonal changes occurring in MetS play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH-LUTS is a debated issue. Therefore, this article aimed to systematically review the impact of hormonal changes that occur during aging on the prostate, including the role of sex hormones, insulin-like growth factor 1, thyroid hormones, and insulin. The possible explanatory mechanisms of the association between BPH-LUTS and MetS are also discussed. In particular, the presence of a male polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)-equivalent may represent a possible hypothesis to support this link. Male PCOS-equivalent has been defined as an endocrine syndrome with a metabolic background, which predisposes to the development of type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, prostate cancer, BPH and prostatitis in old age. Its early identification would help prevent the onset of these long-term complications.
Topics: Age of Onset; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Endocrinology; Humans; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis
PubMed: 33692752
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.554078 -
Southern Medical Journal Feb 1950
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatism
PubMed: 15409236
DOI: 10.1097/00007611-195002000-00014 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... Oct 2020There has been growing interest in fosfomycin for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis due to evidence suggesting that it achieves adequate prostatic concentrations... (Review)
Review
There has been growing interest in fosfomycin for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis due to evidence suggesting that it achieves adequate prostatic concentrations for antimicrobial effect, has activity against resistant micro-organisms, and has a low-toxicity profile. This review evaluated the current clinical evidence for fosfomycin in acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis to elucidate the clinical implications of fosfomycin in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance. PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for studies published in the English language from January 1984 to November 2019. The inclusion criteria were met if the study reported the use of fosfomycin (more than one dose) to treat bacterial prostatitis. Ten observational studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The evidence for the use of fosfomycin in acute bacterial prostatitis is sparse. The majority of the available evidence is for chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by Escherichia coli. Despite the implementation of variable dosing regimens, extended courses of fosfomycin appear to be safe and effective in achieving clinical and microbiological cure. In these studies, the use of fosfomycin was restricted to cases of treatment failure, intolerance to first-line therapy, or multi-resistant organisms. However, given the development of resistant organisms and the undesirable adverse effects of many first-line therapeutic options, fosfomycin has the potential to be considered as an effective first-line alternative for acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis in the future. Further studies, including randomized controlled trials, would be helpful to firmly establish its optimal dosing regimen, efficacy and place in therapy.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Stewardship; Bacterial Infections; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus faecium; Escherichia coli; Fosfomycin; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatitis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32721595
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106106 -
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases Sep 2018The human microbiome may influence prostate cancer initiation and/or progression through both direct and indirect interactions. To date, the majority of studies have... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The human microbiome may influence prostate cancer initiation and/or progression through both direct and indirect interactions. To date, the majority of studies have focused on direct interactions including the influence of prostate infections on prostate cancer risk and, more recently, on the composition of the urinary microbiome in relation to prostate cancer. Less well understood are indirect interactions of the microbiome with prostate cancer, such as the influence of the gastrointestinal or oral microbiota on pro- or anti-carcinogenic xenobiotic metabolism, and treatment response.
METHODS
We review the literature to date on direct and indirect interactions of the microbiome with prostate inflammation and prostate cancer.
RESULTS
Emerging studies indicate that the microbiome can influence prostate inflammation in relation to benign prostate conditions such as prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia, as well as in prostate cancer. We provide evidence that the human microbiome present at multiple anatomic sites (urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, etc.) may play an important role in prostate health and disease.
CONCLUSIONS
In health, the microbiome encourages homeostasis and helps educate the immune system. In dysbiosis, a systemic inflammatory state may be induced, predisposing remote anatomical sites to disease, including cancer. The microbiome's ability to affect systemic hormone levels may also be important, particularly in a disease such as prostate cancer that is dually affected by estrogen and androgen levels. Due to the complexity of the potential interconnectedness between prostate cancer and the microbiome, it is vital to further explore and understand the relationships that are involved.
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 29795140
DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0041-1 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Jul 2016Ejaculation is a synchronized cascade of events that has the ultimate goal of activating sperm and enabling them to reach an egg for fertilization. The seminal plasma... (Review)
Review
Ejaculation is a synchronized cascade of events that has the ultimate goal of activating sperm and enabling them to reach an egg for fertilization. The seminal plasma contains a complex mixture of fluids that is secreted from the testes, epididymis and male accessory glands. The prostate gland has a pivotal role in this process, as prostatic fluid enriched in Zn(2+), citrate and kallikreins is crucial for the molecular synchronization of the functional cascade triggered by ejaculatory stimuli. The prostate is the target of a number of common diseases that can affect male fertility at different ages. In both young and aged men, prostatic diseases or an unhealthy prostate can affect spermatozoa functioning and, therefore, male fertility. Consideration of prostate physiology emphasizes a number of points: the central role of Zn(2+) and citrate in the regulation of prostate epithelium homeostasis and in ejaculation; the influence of bacteria-related prostatic inflammation on male fertility; and the potential role of prostatic inflammation in promoting the development of prostatic hyperplastic growth and carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Ejaculation; Health Status; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Semen; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 27245504
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.89 -
Pennsylvania Medical Journal (1928) Apr 1949
Topics: Disease; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatism
PubMed: 18125271
DOI: No ID Found -
The West Virginia Medical Journal Sep 1948
Topics: Disease; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatism
PubMed: 18879737
DOI: No ID Found -
The Canadian Nurse Jul 1947
Topics: Disease; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatism
PubMed: 20252640
DOI: No ID Found