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Advances in Protein Chemistry and... 2022Membrane transporters that use proton binding and proton transfer for function couple local protonation change with changes in protein conformation and water dynamics....
Membrane transporters that use proton binding and proton transfer for function couple local protonation change with changes in protein conformation and water dynamics. Changes of protein conformation might be required to allow transient formation of hydrogen-bond networks that bridge proton donor and acceptor pairs separated by long distances. Inter-helical hydrogen-bond networks adjust rapidly to protonation change, and ensure rapid response of the protein structure and dynamics. Membrane transporters with known three-dimensional structures and proton-binding groups inform on general principles of protonation-coupled protein conformational dynamics. Inter-helical hydrogen bond motifs between proton-binding carboxylate groups and a polar sidechain are observed in unrelated membrane transporters, suggesting common principles of coupling protonation change with protein conformational dynamics.
Topics: Hydrogen Bonding; Membrane Transport Proteins; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Protein Conformation; Protons; Water
PubMed: 35034719
DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.09.002 -
The Journal of Organic Chemistry Jul 2006It is often found in mass spectrometry that when a molecule is protonated at the thermodynamically most favorable site, no fragmentation occurs, but a major reaction is...
It is often found in mass spectrometry that when a molecule is protonated at the thermodynamically most favorable site, no fragmentation occurs, but a major reaction is observed when the proton migrates to a different position. For benzophenones, acetophenones, and dibenzyl ether, which are all preferentially protonated at the oxygen, deacylation or dealkylation was observed in the collision-induced dissociation of the protonated molecules. For para-monosubstituted benzophenones, electron-withdrawing substituents favor the formation of RC6H4CO+ (R = substituent), whereas electron-releasing groups favor the competing reaction leading to C6H5CO+. The ln[(RC6H4CO+)/(C6H5CO+)] values are well-correlated with the sigmap+ substituent constants. In the fragmentation of protonated acetophenones, deacetylation proceeds to give an intermediate proton-bound dimeric complex of ketene and benzene. The distribution of the product ions was found to depend on the proton affinities of ketene and substituted benzenes, and the kinetic method was applied in identifying the reaction intermediate. Protonated dibenzyl ether loses formaldehyde upon dealkylation, via an ion-neutral complex of the benzyloxymethyl cation and neutral benzene. These gas-phase retro-Friedel-Crafts reactions occurred as a result of the attack of the proton at the carbon atom to which the carbonyl or the methylene group is attached on the aromatic ring, which is described as the dissociative protonation site.
Topics: Acetophenones; Benzophenones; Electrons; Models, Chemical; Molecular Structure; Phenyl Ethers; Protons; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 16839126
DOI: 10.1021/jo060439v -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Jun 2022Membrane transporters and receptors often rely on conserved hydrogen bonds to assemble transient paths for ion transfer or long-distance conformational couplings. For...
Membrane transporters and receptors often rely on conserved hydrogen bonds to assemble transient paths for ion transfer or long-distance conformational couplings. For transporters and receptors that use proton binding and proton transfer for function, inter-helical hydrogen bonds of titratable protein sidechains that could change protonation are of central interest to formulate hypotheses about reaction mechanisms. Knowledge of hydrogen bonds common at sites of potential interest for proton binding could thus inform and guide studies on functional mechanisms of protonation-coupled membrane proteins. Here we apply graph-theory approaches to identify hydrogen-bond motifs of carboxylate and histidine sidechains in a large data set of static membrane protein structures. We find that carboxylate-hydroxyl hydrogen bonds are present in numerous structures of the dataset, and can be part of more extended H-bond clusters that could be relevant to conformational coupling. Carboxylate-carboxyamide and imidazole-imidazole hydrogen bonds are represented in comparably fewer protein structures of the dataset. Atomistic simulations on two membrane transporters in lipid membranes suggest that many of the hydrogen bond motifs present in static protein structures tend to be robust, and can be part of larger hydrogen-bond clusters that recruit additional hydrogen bonds.
Topics: Hydrogen Bonding; Imidazoles; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Protons
PubMed: 35217000
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183896 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society May 2006A recent study of phosphate monoesters that broke down exclusively through C-O bond cleavage and whose reactivity was unaffected by protonation of the nonbridging...
A recent study of phosphate monoesters that broke down exclusively through C-O bond cleavage and whose reactivity was unaffected by protonation of the nonbridging oxygens (Byczynski et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12541) raised several questions about the reactivity of phosphate monoesters, R-O-P(i). Potential catalytic strategies, particularly with regard to selectively promoting C-O or O-P bond cleavage, were investigated computationally through simple alkyl and aryl phosphate monoesters. Both C-O and O-P bonds lengthened upon protonating the bridging oxygen, R-O(H(+))-P(i), and heterolytic bond dissociation energies, DeltaH(C)(-)(O) and DeltaH(O)(-)(P), decreased. Which bond will break depends on the protonation state of the phosphoryl moiety, P(i), and the identity of the organosubstituent, R. Protonating the bridging oxygen when the nonbridging oxygens were already protonated favored C-O cleavage, while protonating the bridging oxygen of the dianion form, R-O-PO(3)(2)(-), favored O-P cleavage. Alkyl R groups capable of forming stable cations were more prone to C-O bond cleavage, with tBu > iPr > F(2)iPr > Me. The lack of effect on the C-O cleavage rate from protonating nonbridging oxygens could arise from two precisely offsetting effects: Protonating nonbridging oxygens lengthens the C-O bond, making it more reactive, but also decreases the bridging oxygen proton affinity, making it less likely to be protonated and, therefore, less reactive. The lack of effect could also arise without bridging oxygen protonation if the ratio of rate constants with different protonation states precisely matched the ratio of acidity constants, K(a). Calculations used hybrid density functional theory (B3PW91/6-31++G) methods with a conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) of solvation. Calculations on Me-phosphate using MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ and PBE0/aug-cc-pVDZ levels of theory, and variations on the solvation model, confirmed the reproducibility with different computational models.
Topics: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Models, Molecular; Organophosphates; Protons; Quantum Theory; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 16669682
DOI: 10.1021/ja057435c -
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics :... Oct 2015The roles of protonated nucleobases in stabilizing different structural motifs and in facilitating catalytic functions of RNA are well known. Among different polar sites...
The roles of protonated nucleobases in stabilizing different structural motifs and in facilitating catalytic functions of RNA are well known. Among different polar sites of all the nucleobases, N7 of guanine has the highest protonation propensity at physiological pH. However, unlike other easily protonable sites such as N1 and N3 of adenine or N3 of cytosine, N7 protonation of guanine does not lead to the stabilization of base pairs involving its protonated Hoogsteen edge. It also does not facilitate its participation in any acid-base catalysis process. To explore the possible roles of N7 protonated guanine, we have studied its base pairing potentials involving WatsonCrick and sugar edges, which undergo major charge redistribution upon N7 protonation. We have carried out quantum chemical geometry optimization at the M05-2X/6-311G+(2d,2p) level, followed by interaction energy calculation at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level, along with the analysis of the context of occurrence for selected base pairs involving the sugar edge or the WatsonCrick edge of guanine within a non-redundant set of 167 RNA crystal structures. Our results suggest that, four base pairs - G:C W:W trans, G:rC W:S cis, G:G W:H cis and G:G S:H trans may involve N7 protonated guanine. These base pairs deviate significantly from their respective experimental geometries upon QM optimization, but they retain their experimental geometries if guanine N7 protonation is considered during optimization. Our study also reveals the role of guanine N7 protonation (i) in stabilizing important RNA structural motifs, (ii) in providing a framework for designing pH driven molecular motors and (iii) in providing an alternative strategy to mimic the effect of post-transcriptional changes.
Topics: Base Pairing; Guanine; Hydrogen Bonding; Models, Molecular; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Protons; RNA; RNA Stability
PubMed: 26382322
DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04894j -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Feb 2013Prototropic equilibria in ionized DNA play an important role in charge transport and radiation damage of DNA and, therefore, continue to attract considerable attention....
Prototropic equilibria in ionized DNA play an important role in charge transport and radiation damage of DNA and, therefore, continue to attract considerable attention. Although it is well-established that electron attachment will induce an interbase proton transfer from N1 of guanine (G) to N3 of cytosine (C), the question of whether the surrounding water in the major and minor grooves can protonate the one-electron-reduced G:C base pair still remains open. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the energetics and mechanism for the protonation of the one-electron-reduced G:C base pair by water. Through the calculations of thermochemical cycles, the protonation free energies were estimated to be in the range of 11.6-14.2 kcal/mol. The calculations for the models of C(•-)(H(2)O)(8) and G(-H1)(-)(H(2)O)(16), which were used to simulate the detailed processes of protonation by water before and after the interbase proton transfer, respectively, revealed that the protonation proceeds through a concerted double proton transfer involving the water molecules in the first and second hydration shells. Comparing the present results with the rates of interbase proton transfer and charge transfer along DNA suggests that protonation on the C(•-) moiety is not competitive with interbase proton transfer, but the possibility of protonation on the G(-H1)(-) moiety after interbase proton transfer cannot be excluded. Electronic-excited-state calculations were also carried out by the time-dependent DFT approach. This information is valuable for experimental identification in the future.
Topics: Base Pairing; Cytosine; DNA Damage; Electrons; Guanine; Models, Molecular; Protons; Quantum Theory; Thermodynamics; Water
PubMed: 23363248
DOI: 10.1021/jp400299v -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Jan 2013The mechanism for the effects of protonation and C5 methylation on the electrophilic addition reaction of Cyt has been explored by means of CBS-QB3 and CBS-QB3/PCM...
The mechanism for the effects of protonation and C5 methylation on the electrophilic addition reaction of Cyt has been explored by means of CBS-QB3 and CBS-QB3/PCM methods. In the gas phase, three paths, two protonated paths (N3 and O2 protonated paths B and C) as well as one neutral path (path A), were mainly discussed, and the calculated results indicate that the reaction of the HSO(3)(-) group with neutral Cyt is unlikely because of its high activation free energy, whereas O2-protonated path (path C) is the most likely to occur. In the aqueous phase, path B is the most feasible mechanism to account for the fact that the activation free energy of path B decreases compared with the corresponding path in the gas phase, whereas those of paths A and C increase. The main striking results are that the HSO(3)(-) group directly interacts with the C5═C6 bond rather than the N3═C4 bond and that the C5 methylation, compared with Cyt, by decreasing values of global electrophilicity index manifests that C5 methylation forms are less electrophilic power as well as by decreasing values of NPA charges on C5 site of the intermediates make the trend of addition reaction weaken, which is in agreement with the experimental observation that the rate of 5-MeCyt reaction is approximately 2 orders of magnitude slower than that of Cyt in the presence of bisulfite. Apart from cis and trans isomers, the rare third isomer where both the CH(3) and SO(3) occupy axial positions has been first found in the reactions of neutral and protonated 5-MeCyt with the HSO(3)(-) group. Furthermore, the transformation of the third isomer from the cis isomer can occur easily.
Topics: Cytosine; Methylation; Models, Molecular; Protons
PubMed: 23215149
DOI: 10.1021/jp304282z -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2004For visual pigments, a covalent bond between the ligand (11-cis-retinal) and receptor (opsin) is crucial to spectral tuning and photoactivation. All photoreceptors have...
For visual pigments, a covalent bond between the ligand (11-cis-retinal) and receptor (opsin) is crucial to spectral tuning and photoactivation. All photoreceptors have retinal bound via a Schiff base (SB) linkage, but only UV-sensitive cone pigments have this moiety unprotonated in the dark. We investigated the dynamics of mouse UV (MUV) photoactivation, focusing on SB protonation and the functional role of a highly conserved acidic residue (E108) in the third transmembrane helix. On illumination, wild-type MUV undergoes a series of conformational changes, batho --> lumi --> meta I, finally forming the active intermediate meta II. During the dark reactions, the SB becomes protonated transiently. In contrast, the MUV-E108Q mutant formed significantly less batho that did not decay through a protonated lumi. Rather, a transition to meta I occurred above approximately 240 K, with a remarkable red shift (lambda(max) approximately 520 nm) accompanying SB protonation. The MUV-E108Q meta I --> meta II transition appeared normal but the MUV-E108Q meta II decay to opsin and free retinal was dramatically delayed, resulting in increased transducin activation. These results suggest that there are two proton donors during the activation of UV pigments, the primary counterion E108 necessary for protonation of the SB during lumi formation and a second one necessary for protonation of meta I. Inactivation of meta II in SWS1 cone pigments is regulated by the primary counterion. Computational studies suggest that UV pigments adopt a switch to a more distant counterion, E176, during the lumi to meta I transition. The findings with MUV are in close analogy to rhodopsin and provides further support for the importance of the counterion switch in the photoactivation of both rod and cone visual pigments.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; COS Cells; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Protons; Retinal Pigments; Schiff Bases; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 14732701
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0305206101 -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology May 1995The acid/base chemistry of terbutaline was characterized at the molecular level in terms of protonation macroconstants and microconstants. The macroconstants were...
The acid/base chemistry of terbutaline was characterized at the molecular level in terms of protonation macroconstants and microconstants. The macroconstants were measured by potentiometry and calculated by standard evaluation methods. The stepwise macroconstant values were log K1 = 11.01, log K2 = 9.89, and log K3 = 8.57 at 25.0 degrees C and 0.2 M ionic strength. The microconstants were deduced using the relationships between macro- and microconstants and an appropriate data set of model compounds (resorcinol and phenylephrine). The molecule of terbutaline contains three ionizable functional groups. In the unprotonated form of the molecule, the two identical phenolate groups are slightly more basic than the secondary amino group, whereas the amino basicity significantly exceeds that of the phenolate site, when the other phenol is protonated. This is due to the large phenolate-phenolate intramolecular interaction. The phenolate-phenolate and the phenolate-amino interactivity parameters were found to be -1.21 and -0.41 log E units, respectively.
Topics: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Models, Chemical; Potentiometry; Protons; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Terbutaline
PubMed: 7494196
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05824.x -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A Sep 2005This work presents a theoretical mechanistic study of the protonation of pyridine in water clusters, at the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ theory level. Clusters from one to five water...
This work presents a theoretical mechanistic study of the protonation of pyridine in water clusters, at the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ theory level. Clusters from one to five water molecules were used. Starting from previously determined structures, the reaction paths for the protonation process were identified. For complexes of pyridine with water clusters of up to three water molecules just one transition state (TS) links the solvated and protonated forms. It is found that the activation energy decreases with the number of water molecules. For complexes of four and five water molecules two transition states are found. For four water molecules, the first TS links the starting solvated structure with a new, less stable, solvated form through a concerted proton transfer between a ring of water molecules. The second TS links the new solvated structure to the protonated form. Thus, protonation is a two-step process. For the five water molecules cluster, the new solvated structure is more stable than the starting one. This structure exhibits two double hydrogen bonds involving the pyridinic nitrogen and several water molecules. The second TS links the new structure with the protonated form. Now the process occurs in one step. In all cases considered, the proton transfers involve an interconversion between covalent and hydrogen bonds. For four and five water molecules, the second TS is structurally and energetically very close to the protonated form. As evidenced by the vibration frequencies, this is due to a flat potential energy hypersurface in the direction of the reaction coordinate. Determination of DeltaG at 298.15 K and 1 atm shows that the protonation of pyridine needs at least four water molecules to be spontaneous. The complex with five water molecules exhibits a large DeltaG. This value yields a pKa of 2.35, relatively close to the reported 5.21 for pyridine in water.
Topics: Kinetics; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Protons; Pyridines; Solutions; Water
PubMed: 16834225
DOI: 10.1021/jp050530n