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Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Dec 1990This article reviews the microbiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and recent advances in the therapy of protozoan and... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the microbiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and recent advances in the therapy of protozoan and helminthic infections of the central nervous system, with more emphasis given to protozoan than to helminthic infections.
Topics: Animals; Helminthiasis; Humans; Meningitis; Protozoan Infections
PubMed: 2277200
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Protozoology 1989Experiments with washed suspensions of holotrich protozoa (Isotricha spp. and Dasytricha ruminantium) showed that both organisms have an efficient O2-scavenging... (Review)
Review
Experiments with washed suspensions of holotrich protozoa (Isotricha spp. and Dasytricha ruminantium) showed that both organisms have an efficient O2-scavenging capability (apparent Km values 2.3 and 0.3 microM, respectively). Reversible inhibition of H2 production increased almost linearly with increasing O2 up to 1.5 microM; higher levels of O2 gave irreversible inhibition. In situ determinations of H2, CH4, O2 and CO2 in ovine rumen liquor, using a membrane inlet mass spectrometer probe, indicated that O2 was present before feeding at 1-1.5 microM and decreased to undetectable levels (less than 0.25 microM) within 25 min after feeding. A transient increase in O2 concentration after feeding occurred only in defaunated animals and resulted in suppression of CH4 and CO2 production. The presence of washed holotrich protozoa decreases the O2 sensitivity of CH4 production by suspensions of a cultured methanogenic bacterium Methanosarcina barkeri. It is concluded that holotrich protozoa play a role in ruminal O2 utilization as well as in the production of fermentation end products (especially short-chain volatile fatty acids) utilized by the ruminant and H2 utilized by methanogenic bacteria. These hydrogenosome-containing protozoa thus both control patterns of fermentation by influencing O2 levels, and are themselves regulated by the low ambient O2 concentrations they experience in the rumen.
Topics: Animals; Eukaryota; Hydrogen; Oxygen; Rumen; Ruminants
PubMed: 2657036
DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb01075.x -
Veterinary Pathology Mar 1996Tissues from a 9-year-old American Standardbred gelding with a history of anorexia, mild colic, and unexpected death were submitted to the Laboratories of Veterinary... (Review)
Review
Tissues from a 9-year-old American Standardbred gelding with a history of anorexia, mild colic, and unexpected death were submitted to the Laboratories of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine at the University of Illinois for histopathologic examination. Microscopic diagnoses were severe subacute, diffuse eosinophilic colitis with intralesional protozoa and a subacute to chronic eosinophilic portal hepatitis with granuloma formation. Two tissue-invading, ciliated protozoa were identified in large numbers within the colonic mucosa. The ciliates were Polymorphella ampulla and Cycloposthium sp., Phylum:Ciliophora. The eosinophilic colitis and portal hepatitis in association with the overpopulation and invasion by the ciliated protozoa suggests a causal etiology.
Topics: Animals; Ciliophora; Colitis; Eosinophilia; Hepatitis, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal
PubMed: 8801719
DOI: 10.1177/030098589603300215 -
Bulletin de La Societe de Pathologie... Jul 2006Worldwide famous for their slothfulness, sloths are xenarthran mammals living in the tropical forests of the New World. In these highly biodiverse habitats, sloths are... (Review)
Review
Worldwide famous for their slothfulness, sloths are xenarthran mammals living in the tropical forests of the New World. In these highly biodiverse habitats, sloths are implicated in long-term interactions with many organisms. They are especially involved in the parasitic cycles of various trypanosomatids including human parasites. This review describes the different species of the genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Trypanosoma that infect sloths. The improvement of the preventive method efficacy against synanthropozoonotic diseases due to several of these protozoa relies on studies on the ecology and biology of wild reservoir hosts such as sloths.
Topics: Animals; Host-Parasite Interactions; Sloths; Trypanosomatina
PubMed: 16983819
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal For Parasitology Jun 1998Biodiversity is a term applied to described the number, variety and variability of organisms. Its colloquial application is usually as a measure of species diversity of... (Review)
Review
Biodiversity is a term applied to described the number, variety and variability of organisms. Its colloquial application is usually as a measure of species diversity of species richness. Thus, the concepts of "species" and "species boundaries" are integral to any discussion on biodiversity, and with them, the basal question of what constitutes meaningful variation. Protozoan taxonomy is an evolving mix of morphological and molecular characters, and is based largely on decisions made intuitively and arbitrarily using multiple characters. Where to draw species boundaries has become more difficult in the face of a bewildering level of variation uncovered in recent years, due largely to an increase in the resolution of our taxonomic techniques (e.g., ultrastructural and genetic studies). A major challenge for contemporary protozoan taxonomists is to update the existing systematic framework to incorporate our current level of knowledge and to decide on the relative importance of parasite morphology, genetics and biology to the concept of the protozoan "species". This task is compounded by the relative paucity of information on our endemic protozoan parasites. In Australia, even in vertebrate hosts, little is known of the biodiversity of parasitic protozoa. Not surprisingly, what knowledge we do have is linked to clinical disease, e.g., detailed knowledge of some species of coccidia and of some enteric ciliates, flagellates and amoebae of mammals. We have some knowledge of a few species of haemosporidia of reptiles and birds but, even here, molecular studies and experimental work are required to identify species boundaries. In view of these limitations, the best estimate of the biodiversity of Australia's parasitic protozoa in at least the vertebrate fauna of Australia, is that less than one third of the total species have been discovered to date.
Topics: Amphibians; Animals; Australia; Birds; Ecosystem; Eukaryota; Fishes; Host-Parasite Interactions; Mammals; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Reptiles
PubMed: 9673868
DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00043-5 -
Equine Veterinary Journal Jan 1994
Topics: Animals; Cryptosporidiosis; Giardiasis; Horse Diseases; Horses; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal
PubMed: 8143661
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04318.x -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Mar 2024Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth spp. and has the second highest global impact of all parasites. are transmitted through contact... (Review)
Review
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth spp. and has the second highest global impact of all parasites. are transmitted through contact with contaminated fresh water predominantly in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Due to the widespread prevalence of , co-infection with other infectious agents is common but often poorly described. Herein, we review recent literature describing the impact of co-infection between species and co-infection with blood-borne protozoa, soil-transmitted helminths, various intestinal protozoa, , , various urinary tract infection-causing agents, and viral pathogens. In each case, disease severity and, of particular interest, the immune landscape, are altered as a consequence of co-infection. Understanding the impact of schistosomiasis co-infections will be important when considering treatment strategies and vaccine development moving forward.
Topics: Humans; Coinfection; Schistosomiasis; Africa; Soil; Prevalence; Helminthiasis
PubMed: 38319102
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00098-23 -
The Journal of Protozoology Feb 1984Reports of Cryptosporidium in various hosts and cross-transmission experiments are reviewed. Cryptosporidium has been found in mammals (Primates, Artiodactyla,... (Review)
Review
Reports of Cryptosporidium in various hosts and cross-transmission experiments are reviewed. Cryptosporidium has been found in mammals (Primates, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla , Carnivora, Lagomorpha, and Rodentia), birds, reptiles, and fish. The only cross-transmission attempts that have been made have been from mammals to other mammals and to a few birds. Names have been given to 19 "species," but it is concluded that only four of these should be considered valid at present. These are: C. muris Tyzzer, 1907 in mammals, C. meleagridis Slavin , 1955 in birds, C. crotali Triffit , 1925 in reptiles, and C. nasorum Hoover , Hoerr , Carlton , Hinsman & Ferguson, 1981 in fish.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Coccidia; Coccidiosis; Digestive System; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Humans; Mammals; Reptiles; Respiratory System; Species Specificity; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 6376791
DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb04296.x -
Water Research Sep 2016Methods to detect protozoa in water samples are expensive and laborious. We evaluated the formalin/ether concentration method to detect Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp....
Methods to detect protozoa in water samples are expensive and laborious. We evaluated the formalin/ether concentration method to detect Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Toxoplasma in water. In order to test the properties of the method, we spiked water samples with different amounts of each protozoa (0, 10 and 50 cysts or oocysts) in a volume of 10 L of water. Immunofluorescence assay was used for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Toxoplasma oocysts were identified by morphology. The mean percent of recovery in 10 repetitions of the entire method, in 10 samples spiked with ten parasites and read by three different observers, were for Cryptosporidium 71.3 ± 12, for Giardia 63 ± 10 and for Toxoplasma 91.6 ± 9 and the relative standard deviation of the method was of 17.5, 17.2 and 9.8, respectively. Intraobserver variation as measured by intraclass correlation coefficient, was fair for Toxoplasma, moderate for Cryptosporidium and almost perfect for Giardia. The method was then applied in 77 samples of raw and drinkable water in three different plant of water treatment. Cryptosporidium was found in 28 of 77 samples (36%) and Giardia in 31 of 77 samples (40%). Theses results identified significant differences in treatment process to reduce the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. In conclusion, the formalin ether method to concentrate protozoa in water is a new alternative for low resources countries, where is urgently need to monitor and follow the presence of theses protozoa in drinkable water.
Topics: Animals; Cryptosporidium; Ether; Ethers; Formaldehyde; Giardia; Oocysts; Water
PubMed: 27219047
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.038 -
The Journal of Protozoology Nov 1987About 447 species of coccidia have been named from the 1687 living, known species of rodents; 207 host species, 92 host genera, and 15 host families are represented;... (Review)
Review
About 447 species of coccidia have been named from the 1687 living, known species of rodents; 207 host species, 92 host genera, and 15 host families are represented; this is about 12% of the known species of rodents. About 4600 species of apicomplexan protozoa have been named. Assuming that the same proportion of the total number of apicomplexan species has been named as of the coccidian species, there must actually be about 38,333 species of apicomplexan protozoa. There are 5.4 times as many protozoan genera as of apicomplexan genera. Assuming that the number of species in each genus is the same for all the protozoa as it is for the Apicomplexa, there may actually be 206,998 species of protozoa. This may be too conservative an estimate. Based on other criteria, an estimate of over 20 million species could be made.
Topics: Animals; Coccidia; Coccidiosis; Eukaryota; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Rodent Diseases; Rodentia; Species Specificity
PubMed: 3323476
DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03191.x