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Lancet (London, England) Dec 1990
Review
Topics: Amebiasis; Animals; Cryptosporidiosis; Eukaryota; Food Parasitology; Giardiasis; Humans; Protozoan Infections
PubMed: 1978883
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93115-6 -
Annali Sclavo; Rivista Di Microbiologia... 1980
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Altitude; Amebiasis; Balantidiasis; Carrier State; Child; Child, Preschool; Entamoeba histolytica; Ethnicity; Europe; Feces; Giardiasis; Humans; India; Infant; Middle Aged; Personnel, Hospital; Protozoan Infections; Serologic Tests
PubMed: 6258497
DOI: No ID Found -
Trends in Parasitology May 2021
Topics: Animals; Haemosporida; Life Cycle Stages; Protozoan Infections
PubMed: 32839102
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.015 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Aug 1986The clinical and pathologic findings of and therapy for such protozoal diseases as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, pneumocytosis,... (Review)
Review
The clinical and pathologic findings of and therapy for such protozoal diseases as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, pneumocytosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, besnoitiosis, and klossiellosis are discussed. Emphasis is placed on disorders that occur with greater frequency in North America and on emerging protozoal diseases affecting horses.
Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Coccidiosis; Cryptosporidiosis; Encephalomyelitis; Giardiasis; Horse Diseases; Horses; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Sarcocystosis; Toxoplasmosis, Animal; Trypanosomiasis
PubMed: 3091219
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30726-5 -
Pediatrics in Review Feb 2016• Stool antigen detection for Cryptosporidium sp, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are now commercially available, have better sensitivity and specificity... (Review)
Review
• Stool antigen detection for Cryptosporidium sp, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are now commercially available, have better sensitivity and specificity than the traditional stool microscopy, and are less dependent on personnel skill. Tests employing newer techniques with faster turnaround time are also available for diagnosing trichomoniasis.• Nitazoxanide, the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for therapy of cryptosporidiosis, is effective among immunocompetent patients. However, on the basis of strong evidence from multiple clinical trials, nitazoxanide is considered ineffective among immunocompromised patients. (14) • Giardiasis can be asymptomatic or have a chronic course leading to malabsorption and failure to thrive. It can be treated with metronidazole, tinidazole, or nitazoxanide. On the basis of growing observational studies, postinfectious and extraintestinal manifestations of giardiasis occur, but the mechanisms are unclear. Given the high prevalence of giardiasis, public health implications need to be defined. (16) • Eradicating E histolytica from the gastrointestinal tract requires only intraluminal agent therapy. Therapy for invasive illnesses requires use of imidazole followed by intraluminal agents to eliminate persistent intraluminal parasites. • Malaria is considered the most lethal parasitic infection, with Plasmodium falciparum as the predominant cause of mortality. P vivax and P ovale can be dormant in the liver, and primaquine is necessary to resolve infection by P vivax and P ovale. • Among immunocompetent patients, infection with Toxoplasma gondii may be asymptomatic, involve localized lymphadenopathy, or cause ocular infection. In immunocompromised patients, reactivation or severe infection is not uncommon. On the basis of limited observational studies (there are no well-controlled randomized trials), therapy is recommended for acute infection during pregnancy to prevent transmission to the fetus/infant or decrease infectious sequelae to the fetus. (2) • On the basis of growing research evidence as well as consensus, trichomoniasis is associated with many health-related concerns, including adverse pregnancy outcomes and increased risk of acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. (3)(25) Similar to toxoplasmosis,many infections are asymptomatic, and the true public health impact of trichomoniasis is difficult to define. Further research is warranted.
Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Female; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Protozoan Infections; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26834225
DOI: 10.1542/pir.2015-0006 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 1991
Review
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Protozoan Infections
PubMed: 2057037
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199108013250506 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Mar 2017Practical relevance: Trichomonosis of the large intestine of the cat was described as a cause of chronic diarrhea over 20 years ago. The trichomonad was identified as... (Review)
Review
Practical relevance: Trichomonosis of the large intestine of the cat was described as a cause of chronic diarrhea over 20 years ago. The trichomonad was identified as Tritrichomonas foetus, with a genotype that is distinct from venereal T foetus of cattle. Clinical challenges: Despite multiple means for diagnosis of the infection, including light microscopy, protozoal culture and PCR amplification using species-specific primers, tests with even greater sensitivity are needed. Feline trichomonosis is resistant to all commonly used antiprotozoal drugs. Ronidazole is currently the only drug demonstrated to be effective in eliminating the infection from cats; however, this drug has a narrow safety margin and clinical resistance is increasingly recognized. The more we learn about trichomonosis in cats, the more complicated and controversial the infection has become, ranging from what we should call the organism to whether we should even bother trying to treat it. Global importance: Feline trichomonosis is recognized to occur worldwide and is regarded as one of the most common infectious causes of colitis in the domestic cat. The infection is widespread in catteries and shelters; and, while remission of diarrhea may occur over time, persistence of the infection is common. Evidence base: This review provides a comprehensive examination of what is currently known about feline trichomonosis and pinpoints areas, based on the authors' opinion, where further research is needed.
Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Ronidazole; Tritrichomonas foetus
PubMed: 28245739
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X17693499 -
Parasite Immunology Sep 2014Innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in urogenital infections. Innate immunity is provided by the epithelial cells and mucus lining along with acidic pH,... (Review)
Review
Innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in urogenital infections. Innate immunity is provided by the epithelial cells and mucus lining along with acidic pH, which forms a strong physical barrier against the pathogens in female reproductive tract. Cells of innate immune system, antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, chemokines and adaptive immunity in the reproductive tract are evolved during infection, and a pro-inflammatory response is generated to fight against the invading pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis, a primary urogenital protozoa, the etiological agent of human trichomoniasis, a curable sexually transmitted infection. The involvement of the urogenital tract by other protozoal infections such as P. falciparum, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Entamoeba histolytica and Acanthamoeba infection is rarely reported. Trichomonas induce pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses in infected subjects. Multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms including parasite adherence, cysteine proteases, lipophosphoglycan, free radical, cytokine generation and Toll-like receptors appear to interplay with the induction of local and systemic immune responses that ultimately determine the outcome of the infection. However, the involvement of urogenital pathogen-specific immune mechanisms and effect of normal local resident flora on the outcome (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic) of infection are poorly understood. Moreover, immune interactions in trichomoniasis subjects co-infected with bacterial and viral pathogens need to be elucidated.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Female; Female Urogenital Diseases; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Male; Male Urogenital Diseases; Protozoan Infections
PubMed: 25201404
DOI: 10.1111/pim.12114 -
European Journal of Protistology Oct 2020Protists embrace many species, some of which may be either occasional or permanent parasites of vertebrate animals. Between the parasite species, several of medical and... (Review)
Review
Protists embrace many species, some of which may be either occasional or permanent parasites of vertebrate animals. Between the parasite species, several of medical and veterinary importance are vector-transmitted. The ecology and epidemiology of vector-borne parasitoses, including babesiosis, leishmaniasis and malaria, are particularly complex, as they are influenced by many factors, such as vector reproductive efficiency and geographical spread, vectorial capacity, host immunity, travel and human behaviour and climatic factors. Transmission dynamics are determined by the interactions between pathogen, vector, host and environmental factors and, given their complexity, many different types of mathematical models have been developed to understand them. A good basic knowledge of vector-pathogen relationships and transmission dynamics is thus essential for disease surveillance and control interventions and may help in understanding the spread of epidemics and be useful for public health planning.
Topics: Animals; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Protozoan Infections; Vector Borne Diseases
PubMed: 33147559
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125741 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 1994Protozoan parasites are a significant cause of abortion and infertility in domestic ruminants. Toxoplasma gondii, a widespread cause of abortion in sheep and goats, and... (Review)
Review
Protozoan parasites are a significant cause of abortion and infertility in domestic ruminants. Toxoplasma gondii, a widespread cause of abortion in sheep and goats, and Sarcocystis spp., which cause a common, frequently asymptomatic infection of domestic ruminants, both have a two-host life cycle. Carnivorous definitive hosts spread the infection through their feces and domestic ruminants are intermediate hosts. A similar, recently recognized protozoa, Neospora sp., has emerged as an important cause of reproductive disease, especially as an abortifacient in dairy cattle. Neospora is presumed to also have a two-host life cycle, although the definitive host(s) has not been identified. The venereally transmitted Tritrichomonas foetus is an important cause of pregnancy loss in naturally bred cattle throughout the world. In the absence of effective methods for vaccination or treatment, control of these parasites is based on management procedures to reduce infection and transmission.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Coccidiosis; Female; Fetal Death; Goat Diseases; Goats; Neospora; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Ruminants; Sarcocystosis; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Toxoplasmosis, Animal; Tritrichomonas foetus
PubMed: 7728629
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30531-4