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Current Drug Targets. Infectious... Nov 2001Significant effort and progress has occurred over the last several years in the development of vaccines against three main tropical parasitic diseases (malaria,... (Review)
Review
Significant effort and progress has occurred over the last several years in the development of vaccines against three main tropical parasitic diseases (malaria, leishmaniases and schistosomiasis). However, an effective vaccine is not yet available. The difficulties in developing a vaccine against parasitic disease are complicated not only by the necessity to identify (and produce) appropriate, protective antigens but also a lack of complete understanding of the types of immune responses needed for protection. Despite these hurdles, several candidate vaccines are under development for each disease; at least one promising vaccine candidate exists that is in late stage clinical testing.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Humans; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis; Malaria; Malaria Vaccines; Protozoan Vaccines; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 12455404
DOI: 10.2174/1568005014606026 -
EBioMedicine Mar 2019
Topics: Humans; Parasitic Diseases; Protozoan Vaccines; Venezuela
PubMed: 30929743
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.039 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Nov 2010Advances in the synthesis of oligo- or polysaccharides and new technologies developed in glycobiology studies have opened a new avenue in carbohydrate vaccine design. In... (Review)
Review
Advances in the synthesis of oligo- or polysaccharides and new technologies developed in glycobiology studies have opened a new avenue in carbohydrate vaccine design. In principle, various types of cell-surface epitopes, characteristic of the invading organism or related to aberrant growth of cells, can be applied to develop vaccines. Numerous promising carbohydrate-based vaccine candidates have been prepared in recent years. This article, primarily for general readers, briefly presents the recent advances involving carbohydrate-based vaccines, including antibacterial, antiparasite, anticancer and antivirus vaccines.
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Cancer Vaccines; Carbohydrates; Epitopes; Humans; Protozoan Vaccines; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 21087106
DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.120 -
Trends in Parasitology Aug 2019The incidence and prevalence of babesiosis in animals and humans is increasing, yet prevention, control, or treatment measures remain limited and ineffective. Despite a... (Review)
Review
The incidence and prevalence of babesiosis in animals and humans is increasing, yet prevention, control, or treatment measures remain limited and ineffective. Despite a growing body of new knowledge of the biology, pathogenicity, and virulence of Babesia parasites, there is still no well-defined, adequately effective and easily deployable vaccine. While numerous published studies suggest that the development of such anti-Babesia vaccines should be feasible, many others identify significant challenges that need to be overcome in order to succeed. Here, we review historic and recent attempts in babesiosis vaccine discovery to avoid past pitfalls, learn new lessons, and provide a roadmap to guide the development of next-generation babesiosis vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Babesia; Babesiosis; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Protozoan Vaccines
PubMed: 31281025
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.002 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018Eukaryotic parasites and pathogens continue to cause some of the most detrimental and difficult to treat diseases (or disease states) in both humans and animals, while... (Review)
Review
Eukaryotic parasites and pathogens continue to cause some of the most detrimental and difficult to treat diseases (or disease states) in both humans and animals, while also continuously expanding into non-endemic countries. Combined with the ever growing number of reports on drug-resistance and the lack of effective treatment programs for many metazoan diseases, the impact that these organisms will have on quality of life remain a global challenge. Vaccination as an effective prophylactic treatment has been demonstrated for well over 200 years for bacterial and viral diseases. From the earliest variolation procedures to the cutting edge technologies employed today, many protective preparations have been successfully developed for use in both medical and veterinary applications. In spite of the successes of these applications in the discovery of subunit vaccines against prokaryotic pathogens, not many targets have been successfully developed into vaccines directed against metazoan parasites. With the current increase in -omics technologies and metadata for eukaryotic parasites, target discovery for vaccine development can be expedited. However, a good understanding of the host/vector/pathogen interface is needed to understand the underlying biological, biochemical and immunological components that will confer a protective response in the host animal. Therefore, systems biology is rapidly coming of age in the pursuit of effective parasite vaccines. Despite the difficulties, a number of approaches have been developed and applied to parasitic helminths and arthropods. This review will focus on key aspects of vaccine development that require attention in the battle against these metazoan parasites, as well as successes in the field of vaccine development for helminthiases and ectoparasites. Lastly, we propose future direction of applying successes in pursuit of next generation vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Arthropods; Drug Discovery; Drug Resistance; Helminths; Host-Parasite Interactions; Metadata; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Protozoan Vaccines; Systems Biology; Vaccination
PubMed: 29594064
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00067 -
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology Sep 1996Protozoan parasites are important animal and human pathogens. At present, most of these infections are controlled by chemotherapy. In addition, vaccines are available... (Review)
Review
Protozoan parasites are important animal and human pathogens. At present, most of these infections are controlled by chemotherapy. In addition, vaccines are available for some of these diseases. There is, however, still an urgent need for the development of vaccines against protozoal diseases, since the current array of available vaccines is very limited. This review describes the different approaches that have been taken to develop such vaccines and discusses the difficulties that hampered vaccine development. Many of the problems are related to the complex life cycle of these parasites and the virtual lack of mass in vitro culture systems. We also give an overview of the commercial and non-commercial vaccines that do exist at present. Finally, we describe the future directions of this interesting field. New techniques and strategies include parasite cultivation methods and recombinant-DNA techniques, such as vector vaccines and DNA-vaccines. Moreover, these approaches are complemented by the development of sophisticated adjuvants; the coupling of immunoprotective molecules to entities with adjuvant activity or the use of cytokines, e.g. IL-12. Through these innovations new vaccines against protozoal diseases will become available in the near future.
Topics: Animals; Antigenic Variation; Antigens, Protozoan; Eukaryota; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Protozoan Vaccines
PubMed: 8880130
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00055.x -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2014Cryptosporidium spp is a ubiquitous parasite that has long been recognized as a frequent cause of protozoal diarrhea in humans. While infections in immunocompetent hosts... (Review)
Review
Cryptosporidium spp is a ubiquitous parasite that has long been recognized as a frequent cause of protozoal diarrhea in humans. While infections in immunocompetent hosts are usually self-limiting, immunocompromised individuals can develop severe, chronic, and life-threatening illness. Vaccine development or immunotherapy that prevents disease or reduces the severity of infection is a relevant option since efficacious drug treatments are lacking. In particular, children in developing countries might benefit the most from a vaccine since cryptosporidiosis in early childhood has been reported to be associated with subsequent impairment in growth, physical fitness, and intellectual capacity. In this review, immunotherapies that have been used clinically are described as well as experimental vaccines and their evaluation in vivo.
Topics: Biological Products; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Global Health; Humans; Immunotherapy; Protozoan Vaccines
PubMed: 24638018
DOI: 10.4161/hv.28485 -
Human Vaccines Nov 2011Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic infection. WHO has classified the disease as emerging... (Review)
Review
Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic infection. WHO has classified the disease as emerging and uncontrolled and estimates that the infection results in two million new cases a year. There are 12 million people currently infected worldwide, and leishmaniasis threatens 350 million people in 88 countries. Vaccination remains the best hope for control of all forms of the disease, and the development of a safe, effective and affordable antileishmanial vaccine is a critical global public-health priority. However, to date, no such vaccine is available despite substantial efforts by many laboratories. Main obstacle in vaccine design is the transition from the laboratory to the field and extrapolation of data from animal models to humans. This review discusses recent findings in the antileishmania vaccine field and current difficulties hampering vaccine implementation.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Mice; Protozoan Proteins; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccination; Vaccines, DNA
PubMed: 22048116
DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.11.17752 -
Veterinary Parasitology May 2006Bovine babesiosis is an important tick-borne disease caused by Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and B. divergens. The first steps taken in the development of an effective... (Review)
Review
Bovine babesiosis is an important tick-borne disease caused by Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and B. divergens. The first steps taken in the development of an effective vaccination strategy against bovine babesiosis followed the observations that animals, recovered from natural infection with Babesia were strongly protected against subsequent challenge. Further investigation indicated that the use of donor blood from recovered animals to infect recipient animals did not produce the severe form of the disease. The past century has seen a refinement of this original carrier-donor system to one using attenuated less virulent strains with standardized doses of known parasite concentration to ensure reliability. With the implementation of good manufacturing practices further changes were necessary in the production of these vaccines, such as freezing for long-term storage to allow sufficient time for pre-release safety and effectivity testing. Regardless of these improvements the vaccines are not without problems and breakdowns and breakthroughs occur from time to time. Despite considerable research efforts into the development of alternative more consumer friendly vaccines, none is immediately forthcoming and the live attenuated babesiosis vaccines are still used in many countries.
Topics: Animals; Babesia bovis; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Endemic Diseases; Protozoan Vaccines; Risk Factors; Tick Control; Tick-Borne Diseases; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 16504404
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.042 -
Vaccine Apr 2013Protection of domestic animals against parasitic infections remains a major challenge in most of the developing countries, especially in the surge of drug resistant... (Review)
Review
Protection of domestic animals against parasitic infections remains a major challenge in most of the developing countries, especially in the surge of drug resistant strains. In this circumstance vaccination seems to be the sole practical strategy to combat parasites. Most of the presently available live or killed parasitic vaccines possess many disadvantages. Thus, expression of parasitic antigens has seen a continued interest over the past few decades. However, only a limited success was achieved using bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian expression systems. This is witnessed by an increasing number of reports on transgenic plant expression of previously reported and new antigens. Oral delivery of plant-made vaccines is particularly attractive due to their exceptional advantages. Moreover, the regulatory burden for veterinary vaccines is less compared to human vaccines. This led to an incredible investment in the field of transgenic plant vaccines for veterinary purpose. Plant based vaccine trials have been conducted to combat various significant parasitic diseases such as fasciolosis, schistosomosis, poultry coccidiosis, porcine cycticercosis and ascariosis. Besides, passive immunization by oral delivery of antibodies expressed in transgenic plants against poultry coccidiosis is an innovative strategy. These trials may pave way to the development of promising edible veterinary vaccines in the near future. As the existing data regarding edible parasitic vaccines are scattered, an attempt has been made to assemble the available literature.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Plants, Genetically Modified; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccination; Vaccines, Edible
PubMed: 23485715
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.022