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Expert Review of Vaccines May 2015Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This illness is now becoming global, mainly due to congenital... (Review)
Review
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This illness is now becoming global, mainly due to congenital transmission, and so far, there are no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines available to either prevent or treat Chagas disease. Therefore, different approaches aimed at identifying new protective immunogens are urgently needed. Live vaccines are likely to be more efficient in inducing protection, but safety issues linked with their use have been raised. The development of improved protozoan genetic manipulation tools and genomic and biological information has helped to increase the safety of live vaccines. These advances have generated a renewed interest in the use of genetically attenuated parasites as vaccines against Chagas disease. This review discusses the protective capacity of genetically attenuated parasite vaccines and the challenges and perspectives for the development of an effective whole-parasite Chagas disease vaccine.
Topics: Chagas Disease; Drug Discovery; Gene Deletion; Humans; Protozoan Vaccines; Trypanosoma cruzi; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 25496192
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.989989 -
Parasites & Vectors Feb 2015Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in which the most affected organ is the heart. Conventional chemotherapy has a very low effectiveness; despite... (Review)
Review
Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in which the most affected organ is the heart. Conventional chemotherapy has a very low effectiveness; despite recent efforts, there is currently no better or more effective treatment available. DNA vaccines provide a new alternative for both prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious disorders, including Chagas disease. Recombinant DNA technology has allowed some vaccines to be developed using recombinant proteins or virus-like particles capable of inducing both a humoral and cellular specific immune response. This type of immunization has been successfully used in preclinical studies and there are diverse models for viral, bacterial and/or parasitic diseases, allergies, tumors and other diseases. Therefore, several research groups have been given the task of designing a DNA vaccine against experimental infection with T. cruzi. In this review we explain what DNA vaccines are and the most recent studies that have been done to develop them with prophylactic or therapeutic purposes against Chagas disease.
Topics: Animals; Chagas Disease; Drug Discovery; Humans; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccination; Vaccines, DNA
PubMed: 25885641
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0738-0 -
Journal of Food Protection Jul 2009Disease management in the food industry is complex and includes use of good hygienic practices, antimicrobials, and immunization. Vaccines are available against many,... (Review)
Review
Disease management in the food industry is complex and includes use of good hygienic practices, antimicrobials, and immunization. Vaccines are available against many, but not all, disease agents affecting animals reared for human food. Fewer vaccines are currently licensed and widely available for human foodborne pathogens. Increased resistance to antimicrobials provides additional impetus to develop new vaccines. In addition to the need for new vaccines, new methods of vaccine production are desired. Some current methods of vaccine production can involve use of hazardous chemicals, provide inconsistent results, or present risk to vaccine recipients with certain allergies. The efficacy of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) for inactivation of a variety of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms has been well established, and some of these microorganisms have been demonstrated to retain immunogenic properties, suggesting HHP may have application for the development of vaccines. Studies on the effect of HHP on infectivity and immunogenicity of various viruses, a protozoan parasite, and one bacterial species are presented. Control of several of these pathogens is important for animal health and economic stability in several sectors of the food industry. The research to date on the potential for vaccine development by HHP is presented.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Food Technology; Humans; Hydrostatic Pressure; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 19681278
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.7.1500 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jan 2015
Topics: Animals; Chagas Disease; Computational Biology; Protozoan Vaccines; Trypanosoma cruzi
PubMed: 25070940
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu420 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Feb 2010Parasitic diseases are one of the most devastating causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although immunization against these infections would be an ideal... (Review)
Review
Parasitic diseases are one of the most devastating causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although immunization against these infections would be an ideal solution, the development of effective vaccines has been hampered by specific challenges posed by parasitic pathogens. Plasmid-based DNA vaccines may prove to be promising immunization tools in this area because vectors can be designed to integrate several antigens from different stages of the parasite life cycle or different subspecies; vaccines, formulations and immunization protocols can be tuned to match the immune response that offers protective immunity; and DNA vaccination is an affordable platform for developing countries. Partial and full protective immunity have been reported following DNA vaccination against the most significant parasitic diseases in the world.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Parasitic Diseases; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccines, DNA
PubMed: 20109028
DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.158 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Apr 2008Kinetoplastids are a group of flagellated protozoans that include the species Trypanosoma and Leishmania, which are human pathogens with devastating health and economic... (Review)
Review
Kinetoplastids are a group of flagellated protozoans that include the species Trypanosoma and Leishmania, which are human pathogens with devastating health and economic effects. The sequencing of the genomes of some of these species has highlighted their genetic relatedness and underlined differences in the diseases that they cause. As we discuss in this Review, steady progress using a combination of molecular, genetic, immunologic, and clinical approaches has substantially increased understanding of these pathogens and important aspects of the diseases that they cause. Consequently, the paths for developing additional measures to control these "neglected diseases" are becoming increasingly clear, and we believe that the opportunities for developing the drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, and other tools necessary to expand the armamentarium to combat these diseases have never been better.
Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Genetic Vectors; Genome, Protozoan; Humans; Kinetoplastida; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Vaccines
PubMed: 18382742
DOI: 10.1172/JCI33945 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Aug 2002The use of live vaccines, either attenuated or non-attenuated, for the control of coccidiosis due to Eimeria infections in broiler breeder or layer chickens is well... (Review)
Review
The use of live vaccines, either attenuated or non-attenuated, for the control of coccidiosis due to Eimeria infections in broiler breeder or layer chickens is well established. Use in broilers, however, has been slow to gain acceptance. This has been partly for economic reasons, but also because of perceived adverse effects on early chick growth, particularly with non-attenuated vaccines, and concerns about timely onset of protective immunity in such short-lived birds. This review describes advances in understanding of epidemiological factors and recent improvements of administration methods that have helped to allay these fears and to make the use of anticoccidial vaccines in broilers technically achievable. Topics discussed include: (1) types of commercially available vaccine, (2) vaccines in development, (3) vaccination methods and equipment, (4) basis of vaccine efficacy and immunogenic variation of parasites, (5) key factors in the survival, sporulation and dissemination of vaccinal oocysts, (6) descriptions and significance of patterns of litter oocyst accumulation and occurrence of intestinal lesions in vaccinated flocks, (7) rotation of anticoccidial vaccination and chemotherapy to restore drug sensitivity to resistant wild-type coccidia, (8) combinations of anticoccidial vaccination and chemotherapy, (9) interactions between coccidiosis and clostridiosis in broilers and compatibilities of potential control methods, (10) published performance data for live anticoccidial vaccines in broilers, (11) possible further developments of live vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 12396335
DOI: 10.1080/03079450220148988 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2018Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-surrounded structures released by different kinds of cells (normal, diseased, and transformed cells) and that contain... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-surrounded structures released by different kinds of cells (normal, diseased, and transformed cells) and that contain large amounts of important substances (such as lipids, proteins, metabolites, DNA, RNA, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including miRNA, lncRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snoRNA, and scaRNA) in an evolutionarily conserved manner. EVs, including exosomes, play a role in the transmission of information, and substances between cells that is increasingly being recognized as important. In some infectious diseases such as parasitic diseases, EVs have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for mediating communication during host-parasite interactions. EVs can enable multiple modes to transfer virulence factors and effector molecules from parasites to hosts, thereby regulating host gene expression, and immune responses and, consequently, mediating the pathogenic process, which has made us rethink our understanding of the host-parasite interface. Thus, here, we review the present findings regarding EVs (especially exosomes) and recognize the role of EVs in host-parasite interactions. We hope that a better understanding of the mechanisms of parasite-derived EVs may provide new insights for further diagnostic biomarker, vaccine, and therapeutic development.
Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Biomarkers; Exosomes; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases; Protozoan Vaccines; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30697211
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03066 -
Immunotherapy Feb 2016
Topics: Animals; Chagas Disease; Humans; Portraits as Topic; Protozoan Vaccines; Trypanosoma cruzi
PubMed: 26787323
DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.115 -
Trends in Parasitology Mar 2017Eimeria pose a risk to all livestock species as a cause of coccidiosis, reducing productivity and compromising animal welfare. Pressure to reduce drug use in the food... (Review)
Review
Eimeria pose a risk to all livestock species as a cause of coccidiosis, reducing productivity and compromising animal welfare. Pressure to reduce drug use in the food chain makes the development of cost-effective vaccines against Eimeria essential. For novel vaccines to be successful, understanding genetic and antigenic diversity in field populations is key. Eimeria species that infect chickens are most significant, with Eimeria tenella among the best studied and most economically important. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based haplotyping has been used to determine population structure, genotype distribution, and potential for cross-fertilization between E. tenella strains. Here, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of diversity for Eimeria in relation to its specialized life cycle, distribution across the globe, and the challenges posed to vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Eimeria; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Protozoan Vaccines
PubMed: 27593338
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.08.007