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Fish & Shellfish Immunology Jul 2020The aquaculture industry in Korea has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and it is a major food source. However, the expansion of aquaculture systems has increased the...
The aquaculture industry in Korea has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and it is a major food source. However, the expansion of aquaculture systems has increased the chances of infectious disease outbreaks, and vaccination plays an important role in commercial fish farming. This is the first comprehensive review of commercial fish vaccines in Korea. It not only provides an overview of commercially available fish vaccines and their associated approval processes and laws, but also some perspectives on research advances regarding fish vaccines in Korea. In Korea, fish vaccines are approved only after their safety and effectiveness have been verified according to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, and after approval, each vaccine lot must pass the national evaluation criteria. As of the end of 2019, 29 vaccines were approved for 10 fish pathogens, including both single and combination vaccines containing more than two inactivated pathogens. The approved fish vaccines consist of 2 immersion vaccines, as well as 1 intramuscular and 26 intraperitoneal vaccines, which require syringe injection. All the 29 vaccines are manufactured as formalin-inactivated vaccines; 1 is an adjuvant vaccine and 28 are non-adjuvant vaccines; 25 are bacterial vaccines, 2 are viral vaccines, 1 is a parasite vaccine, and 1 is a parasite and bacterial vaccine. In terms of the target fish species, 27 vaccines are used in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), 1 in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), and 1 in the red seabream (Pagrus major), striped beakfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus), and amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata). This imbalance exists mostly because the olive flounder is the main farmed fish species in Korea. In 2018, 67.71 million vaccine doses were distributed following satisfactory performance in the national evaluation. They were used to vaccinate approximately 80.6% of farmed olive flounders.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Fish Diseases; Formaldehyde; Protozoan Vaccines; Republic of Korea; Vaccination; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 32272258
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.004 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Sep 2011Coccidiosis in chickens is a parasitic disease with great economic significance, which has been controlled successfully for decades using mainly anticoccidial products.... (Review)
Review
Coccidiosis in chickens is a parasitic disease with great economic significance, which has been controlled successfully for decades using mainly anticoccidial products. However, large-scale and long-term use of anticoccidial drugs has led to the worldwide development of resistance against all these drugs. In order to minimize the occurrence of resistance, the rotation of various anticoccidial drugs in single and/or shuttle programmes is used. Unfortunately, this has not solved the anticoccidial resistance problem. Recently, live anticoccidial vaccines have been incorporated into rotation programmes, resulting in an increasing incidence of anticoccidial drug-sensitive Eimeria spp. field isolates, which may ameliorate the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs. Nevertheless, possible upcoming bans restricting the use of anticoccidials as feed additives, consumer concerns on residues and increasing regulations have prompted the quest for alternative coccidiosis control strategies. Although management and biosecurity measures could halt the introduction of Eimeria spp. to a farm, in practice they do not suffice to prevent coccidiosis outbreaks. Phytotherapy, aromatherapy and pre- and probiotics either show conflicting, non-consistent or non-convincing results, and have therefore not been applied at a large scale in the field. So far, live attenuated and non-attenuated anticoccidial vaccines have proved to be the most solid and successful coccidiosis prevention and control strategy. Despite the drawbacks associated with their production and use, their popularity is increasing. If with time, the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines can be improved, they could represent the next generation of highly efficient and low-cost anticoccidial strategies.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Drug Resistance; Phytotherapy; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Probiotics; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 22029884
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2011.605247 -
International Journal For Parasitology May 2002The development of new methods of administering coccidiosis vaccines has facilitated their use in the hatchery and thereby improved prospects for the economic... (Review)
Review
The development of new methods of administering coccidiosis vaccines has facilitated their use in the hatchery and thereby improved prospects for the economic vaccination of broilers. The acquisition of protective immunity to Eimeria species is boosted by further exposure to infection after vaccination. Factors that affect the reproductive efficiency of non-attenuated and attenuated vaccines are considered and the key role that oocyst production plays in establishing and maintaining uniform immunity in a flock of chickens is discussed. In addition to immunisation, a possible advantage to the application of certain vaccines is that their use could repopulate poultry houses with drug-sensitive organisms. Theoretical rotation programmes in which the use of drugs is alternated with that of vaccines are described. Variability of the cross-protective immune response between strains of the same species should be considered during vaccine development and subsequent use. The significance of less common species of Eimeria, not included in all vaccines, also needs to be assessed. An important consideration is the occurrence of pathogens other than Eimeria (such as the bacterium Clostridium) in flocks given coccidiosis vaccines and the methods by which they might be controlled. More research is required into the relationship between bacterial and viral infections of poultry and coccidiosis vaccination. Vaccines need to be developed that are simple to apply and cost effective for use in areas of the world where small-scale poultry production is commonplace. In the near future it is likely that more live vaccines based upon oocysts derived from attenuated strains of Eimeria will be developed but in the longer term vaccines will be based on the selective presentation to the host of specific molecules that can induce protective immunity. This achievement will require significant investment from the private and public sectors, and, if successful, will facilitate the sustainable control of coccidiosis in poultry production.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 11943233
DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00362-9 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Dec 2014Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is widespread globally and causes severe diseases in... (Review)
Review
Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is widespread globally and causes severe diseases in individuals with impaired immune defences as well as congenitally infected infants. The high prevalence rate in some parts of the world such as South America and Africa, coupled with the current drug treatments that trigger hypersensitivity reactions, makes the development of immunotherapeutics intervention a highly important research priority. Immunotherapeutics strategies could either be a vaccine which would confer a pre-emptive immunity to infection, or passive immunization in cases of disease recrudescence or recurrent clinical diseases. As the severity of clinical manifestations is often greater in developing nations, the development of well-tolerated and safe immunotherapeutics becomes not only a scientific pursuit, but a humanitarian enterprise. In the last few years, much progress has been made in vaccine research with new antigens, novel adjuvants, and innovative vaccine delivery such as nanoparticles and antigen encapsulations. A literature search over the past 5 years showed that most experimental studies were focused on DNA vaccination at 52%, followed by protein vaccination which formed 36% of the studies, live attenuated vaccinations at 9%, and heterologous vaccination at 3%; while there were few on passive immunization. Recent progress in studies on vaccination, passive immunization, as well as insights gained from these immunotherapeutics is highlighted in this review.
Topics: Drug Discovery; Global Health; Humans; Immunization; Immunotherapy; Protozoan Vaccines; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis
PubMed: 25548409
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.581 -
International Journal For Parasitology Feb 2019The increase in human babesiosis is of major concern to health authorities. In the USA, most of these cases are due to infections with Babesia microti, whereas in Europe... (Review)
Review
The increase in human babesiosis is of major concern to health authorities. In the USA, most of these cases are due to infections with Babesia microti, whereas in Europe B. divergens is the major cause of clinical disease in humans. Here we review the immunological and biological literature of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored merozoite proteins of human Babesia parasites with emphasis on their role in immunity, and provide some new bioinformatical information on B. microti GPI-Anchored Proteins (GPI-AP). Cattle can be vaccinated with soluble parasite antigens (SPA) of Babesia divergens that are released by the parasite during proliferation. The major component in SPA preparations appeared to be a 37 kDa merozoite surface protein that is anchored in the merozoite membrane by a GPI anchor. Animals could be protected by vaccination with the recombinant 37 kDa protein expressed in Escherichia coli, provided the protein had a hydrophobic terminal sequence. Based on this knowledge, a recombinant vaccine was developed against Babesia canis infection in dogs, successfully. In order to identify similar GPI-AP in B. microti, the genome was analysed. Here it is shown that B. microti encodes all proteins necessary for GPI assembly and its subsequent protein transfer. In addition, in total 21 genes encoding for GPI-AP were detected, some of which reacted particularly strongly with sera from B. microti-infected human patients. Reactivity of antibodies with GPI-anchored merozoite proteins appears to be dependent on the structural conformation of the molecule. It is suggested that the three-dimensional structure of the protein that is anchored in the membrane is different from that of the protein that has been shed from the merozoite surface. The significance of this protein's dynamics in parasite biology and immune evasion is discussed. Finally, we discuss developments in tick and Babesia vaccine research, and the role such vaccines could play in the control of human babesiosis.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Babesia microti; Babesiosis; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 30684517
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.12.002 -
Acta Tropica Dec 2019Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent for Chagas disease (CD). There is a critical lack of methods for prevention of infection or treatment of acute... (Review)
Review
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent for Chagas disease (CD). There is a critical lack of methods for prevention of infection or treatment of acute infection and chronic disease. Studies in experimental models have suggested that the protective immunity against T. cruzi infection requires the elicitation of Th1 cytokines, lytic antibodies and the concerted activities of macrophages, T helper cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this review, we summarize the research efforts in vaccine development to date and the challenges faced in achieving an efficient prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine against human CD.
Topics: Animals; Chagas Disease; Humans; Protozoan Vaccines; Trypanosoma cruzi
PubMed: 31513763
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105168 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2007Antiparasitic drugs have been used successfully to control parasitic diseases in animals for many years, as they are safe, cheap and effective against a broad spectrum... (Review)
Review
Antiparasitic drugs have been used successfully to control parasitic diseases in animals for many years, as they are safe, cheap and effective against a broad spectrum of parasites. One drawback of this success appears to be the emergence of drug resistance in many target parasites. Moreover, issues of residues in the food chain and environment have arisen, which threaten their sustained use. Control methods in which vaccines would have a central role provide attractive alternatives. However, while attenuated parasite vaccines have been successful, sub-unit vaccines are still rare. The advent of new techniques in molecular biology allows the elucidation of entire parasite genomes and the identification of individual genes. It is envisaged that a further understanding of parasite genes and the role of their products in parasite biology may lead to the identification of useful antigens, which could then be produced in recombinant systems. However, for this aim to be realised, continued investment in basic research on the complex interplay between parasite and host will be necessary.
Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Drug Residues; Drug Resistance; Host-Parasite Interactions; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Protozoan Vaccines
PubMed: 17633296
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Tropica Dec 2019Leishmanization (LZ) is an intradermal inoculation of live Leishmania to induce an artificial cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) lesion in a covered part of the body to... (Review)
Review
Leishmanization (LZ) is an intradermal inoculation of live Leishmania to induce an artificial cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) lesion in a covered part of the body to protect against further natural CL lesion development. Leishmanization has been used from ancient times and when NNN medium was developed continued with using Leishmania from culture media. The objective of this study was to review LZ published experiences. This article is a review of LZ experiences and historical studies initiated since 1910 when Leishmania promastigotes were harvested from culture media and used for LZ. This review includes LZ experiences in Israel, some countries of Former Soviet Union and Iran. The results of LZ in Israel, some countries of Former Soviet Union and Iran showed that despite limitations, using this method significantly reduced the incidence rate of CL among leishmanized individuals in endemic areas. In conclusion, leishmanization using Leishmania major produced under GMP guideline is a valuable tool to protect against CL, there are limitations which need further study.
Topics: Humans; Leishmania major; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Protozoan Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 31525323
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105173 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2014
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Drug Approval; Drug Discovery; Humans; Protozoan Vaccines; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 25264687
DOI: 10.4161/hv.29939 -
Acta Tropica Oct 2017Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease that affects millions of people worldwide, recognized as the most important human helminth infection in terms of morbidity and... (Review)
Review
Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease that affects millions of people worldwide, recognized as the most important human helminth infection in terms of morbidity and mortality. The treatment of choice presents low bioavailability and water solubility, in addition to the induction of parasite resistance. In this context, researchers have been conducting studies seeking to develop new drugs to ensure safety, quality, and efficacy against this parasitosis. In this scenario, nanotechnology arises including the drug delivery systems in nanoscale: nanoemulsions, liposomes and nanoparticles. These drug delivery systems have been extensively applied for in vitro and in vivo studies against Schistosoma spp. with promising results. This review pointed out the most relevant development scenarios regarding the treatment of schistosomiasis as well as the application of nanotechnology as a vaccine, highlighting the use of nanotechnology as an alternative therapy for both the repositioning of drugs and the use of new pharmaceutical products, with promising results regarding the aforementioned disease.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Nanotechnology; Protozoan Vaccines; Schistosomiasis; Schistosomicides
PubMed: 28668252
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.025