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Japanese Journal of Radiology May 2016Except for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, lesions that protrude into the esophagus are rare, and include benign and malignant tumors. The imaging findings... (Review)
Review
Except for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, lesions that protrude into the esophagus are rare, and include benign and malignant tumors. The imaging findings of these lesions on esophagography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are often non-specific. However, some of them reveal characteristic imaging findings. In addition, esophagography, CT, and MRI are useful to evaluate location, extent, invasion, vascularity, lymphadenopathy, and metastasis. Knowledge of the imaging features of protruding esophageal lesions helps to narrow the differential diagnosis. We describe the main features of esophageal protruding lesions.
Topics: Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagus; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 26968999
DOI: 10.1007/s11604-016-0534-6 -
The FEBS Journal Jun 2021Cells possess a variety of organelles with characteristic structure and subcellular localization intimately linked to their specific function. While most are... (Review)
Review
Cells possess a variety of organelles with characteristic structure and subcellular localization intimately linked to their specific function. While most are intracellular and found in virtually all eukaryotic cells, there is a small group of organelles of elongated cylindrical shapes in highly specialized cells that protrude into the extracellular space, such as cilia, flagella, and microvilli. The ATP required by intracellular organelles is amply available in the cytosol, largely generated by mitochondria. However, such is not the case for cilia and flagella, whose slender structures cannot accommodate mitochondria. These organelles consume massive amounts of ATP to carry out high energy-demanding functions, such as sensory transduction or motility. ATP from the nearest mitochondria or other reactions within the cell body is severely limited by diffusion and generally insufficient to fuel the entire length of cilia and flagella. These organelles overcome this fuel restriction by local generation of ATP, using mechanisms that vary depending on the nutrients that are available in their particular external environment. Here, we review, with emphasis in mammals, the remarkable adaptations that cilia and flagella use to fuel their metabolic needs. Additionally, we discuss how a decrease in nutrients surrounding olfactory cilia might impair olfaction in COVID-19 patients.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; COVID-19; Cilia; Flagella; Humans; Mitochondria; Models, Biological; Organelles; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33142020
DOI: 10.1111/febs.15620 -
World Neurosurgery Apr 2021Intrasellar cephalocele is very rare and is often overlooked because of its atypical clinical demonstration. A 2-year, 10-month-old girl was referred to our hospital...
Intrasellar cephalocele is very rare and is often overlooked because of its atypical clinical demonstration. A 2-year, 10-month-old girl was referred to our hospital with short stature. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an extension of the anterior third ventricle, which protruded into the pituitary fossa, but not into the craniopharyngeal canal, sphenoid bone, or sphenoid sinus. In addition, there was no bony defect of the floor of the sellar turcica or the sphenoid sinus, and the mass was not protruding into the nasal cavity or nasopharynx. Thus the patient was clinically diagnosed with intrasellar cephalocele, which is considered as a rare subtype of transsphenoidal cephalocele. Instead of surgical intervention, the patient was given growth hormone replacement therapy. After 1-year follow-up, the patient had significant increase in height.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Encephalocele; Female; Growth Disorders; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Sella Turcica
PubMed: 33385601
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.112 -
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology Feb 2013Hemangioendothelioma is the term used to name those vascular neoplasms that show a borderline biological behavior, intermediate between entirely benign hemangiomas and... (Review)
Review
Hemangioendothelioma is the term used to name those vascular neoplasms that show a borderline biological behavior, intermediate between entirely benign hemangiomas and highly malignant angiosarcomas. Although originally spindle cell hemangioendothelioma was proposed as a specific clinicopathologic variant of hemangioendothelioma, currently, it is considered as an entirely benign lesion, and thus, the name spindle cell hemangioma seems to be the most accurate for this lesion. Authentic hemangioendotheliomas involving the skin and soft tissues include papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (also known as Dabska tumor), retiform hemangioendothelioma, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (also known as epithelioid sarcoma-like hemangioendothelioma), and composite hemangioendothelioma. Each of these neoplasms exhibit characteristic histopathologic features. The most characteristic finding of papillary intralymphatic hemangioendothelioma consists of papillary tufts, with a central hyaline core lined by hobnail-like endothelial cells protruding into the lumina. Retiform hemangioendothelioma is an infiltrative neoplasm composed of elongated arborizing vessels, arranged in an anastomosing pattern that resembles that of the rete testis, and lined by a single layer of hobnail-like endothelial cells that protrude within the narrow lumina. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is composed of several solid poorly circumscribed nodules, and each nodule is composed of a mixture of small capillaries and solid lobules of endothelial cells arranged in a glomeruloid pattern. A frequent finding consists of the presence of areas of lymphangiomatosis adjacent to the solid nodules. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is composed of cords, strands, and solid aggregates of round, oval, and polygonal cells, with abundant pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei, and inconspicuous nucleoli, embedded in a fibromyxoid or sclerotic stroma. Many neoplastic cells exhibit prominent cytoplasmic vacuolization as an expression of primitive vascular differentiation. Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma is a poorly circumscribed, fascicular lesion with infiltrative borders composed of round or oval neoplastic cells, with vesicular nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli, and ample homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm, giving them a rhabdomyoblastic appearance. Finally, composite hemangioendothelioma is the term used to name locally aggressive vascular neoplasms of low-grade malignancy showing varying combinations of benign, low-grade malignant, and high-grade malignant vascular components. From the immunohistochemical point of view, proliferating cells of all hemangioendotheliomas express a lymphatic endothelial cell immunophenotype. Most hemangioendotheliomas are low-grade vascular neoplasms, with a tendency to recur locally and a low metastatic potential, mostly to regional lymph nodes. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, especially large lesions and those located in deep soft tissues, seems to have a more aggressive biological behavior.
Topics: Endothelium, Lymphatic; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Hemangioendothelioma; Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid; Humans; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed; Skin Neoplasms; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 23327728
DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2012.01.003 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Feb 2022High riding jugular bulb (HRJB) develops after 2 years and is rare at younger ages. High riding jugular bulb sometimes protrudes into the tympanic cavity, which can...
BACKGROUND
High riding jugular bulb (HRJB) develops after 2 years and is rare at younger ages. High riding jugular bulb sometimes protrudes into the tympanic cavity, which can cause hemorrhagic complications during otologic surgery.
CASE PRESENTATION
We describe a congenitally deaf child with bilateral inner ear malformations and a right-sided HRJB on CT at 9 months. This child had undergone left cochlear implantation (CI) at 19 months, and right CI was planned at 6 years. However, we decided not to perform the right CI because preoperative CT images revealed that the right jugular bulb (JB) was enlarged and protruded into the tympanic cavity, completely covering the round window (RW).
CONCLUSION
This is the first pediatric case in which a longitudinal CT scan proves that HRJB develops and protrudes over time. These findings suggest that the earlier the HRJB forms, the larger it may grow. We must keep in mind the possibility of the enlargement and protrusion of HRJB.
PubMed: 35193411
DOI: 10.1177/01455613221079494 -
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and... Sep 2011There is a wide variety in the appearance of normal female external genitalia. Nevertheless a specific prototype is promoted by the media, leading to a false sense that...
There is a wide variety in the appearance of normal female external genitalia. Nevertheless a specific prototype is promoted by the media, leading to a false sense that all other appearances are abnormal. As adolescents become sexually aware at an earlier age, most of them are worried about the appearance of their genitalia, especially when labia minora protrude beyond labia majora. This is a prospective audit of adolescents presenting for assessment of their perceived abnormal genitalia. Sixteen girls aged 10.2 to 17.8 years presented between June 2009 and December 2010 to a specialist adolescent gynecology service. Their mean labial width was 36 mm (range: 20-55 mm). In six girls, the reason for attending the service was inequality of the size of labia ranging between 6 mm and 35 mm (mean of 20 mm). Among the remaining 10 girls, the concern had arisen through comparison with a prepubescent sibling (one case), change of genitalia during puberty (four cases), looking at internet pictures (four cases), and looking at an anatomy book (one case). Risks of Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS) have not been adequately documented, especially with regards to sexual function and long-term patient satisfaction. External genitalia are likely to change during puberty and therefore, any genital operation in the absence of clear pathology should be deferred until adulthood. Even then, women should have clear expectations of what will be achieved with the operation in terms of appearance and function.
Topics: Adolescent; Attitude to Health; Body Image; Child; Female; Humans; Prospective Studies; Surgery, Plastic; Vulva
PubMed: 21696338
DOI: 10.3109/0167482X.2011.585726 -
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Jun 2024Protruding ears are the most common auricular abnormalities seen in children (1). Protruding ears are a condition that has social and psychological consequences due to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Protruding ears are the most common auricular abnormalities seen in children (1). Protruding ears are a condition that has social and psychological consequences due to its physical appearance and one of the main causes of peer bullying at young ages (2). While various surgical methods exist to address prominent ears, the options for correcting the lobule are relatively scarce. In this study, we are aimed to present the modified fish-tail technique that we have developed and to compare it with other techniques in the literature.
METHODS
The patients were selected from the cases that underwent otoplasty for prominent ear correction in our clinic between 2020 and 2022. A total of 21 cases that required protruded lobule correction during otoplasty were included in our study. Keloid and hypertrophic scar formation, wound dehiscence, hematoma, infection and recurrence in the lobule were evaluated. The patients were followed up for at least 1 year for early and late complications.
RESULTS
Each patient in the study underwent bilateral prominent ear correction, including bilateral modified fish-tail technique. All cases were followed for at least 12 months. There was no wound dehiscence, infection, recurrence in lobule prominence or hematoma during the follow-up period. No hypertrophic scar or keloid was observed in any case.
CONCLUSIONS
Our method stands out for its ability to achieve both adjustable vertical height and effective lobule correction with a reduced need for skin excision. We recommend the modified fish-tail technique as an alternative technique for prominent lobule surgery.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Child; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Adolescent; Treatment Outcome; Retrospective Studies; Esthetics; Ear Auricle; Cohort Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 38438764
DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03912-7 -
PLoS Computational Biology Dec 2022Peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs) include a wide variety of proteins that have in common to bind transiently to the chemically complex interfacial region of membranes...
Peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs) include a wide variety of proteins that have in common to bind transiently to the chemically complex interfacial region of membranes through their interfacial binding site (IBS). In contrast to protein-protein or protein-DNA/RNA interfaces, peripheral protein-membrane interfaces are poorly characterized. We collected a dataset of PMP domains representative of the variety of PMP functions: membrane-targeting domains (Annexin, C1, C2, discoidin C2, PH, PX), enzymes (PLA, PLC/D) and lipid-transfer proteins (START). The dataset contains 1328 experimental structures and 1194 AphaFold models. We mapped the amino acid composition and structural patterns of the IBS of each protein in this dataset, and evaluated which were more likely to be found at the IBS compared to the rest of the domains' accessible surface. In agreement with earlier work we find that about two thirds of the PMPs in the dataset have protruding hydrophobes (Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Trp and Met) at their IBS. The three aromatic amino acids Trp, Tyr and Phe are a hallmark of PMPs IBS regardless of whether they protrude on loops or not. This is also the case for lysines but not arginines suggesting that, unlike for Arg-rich membrane-active peptides, the less membrane-disruptive lysine is preferred in PMPs. Another striking observation was the over-representation of glycines at the IBS of PMPs compared to the rest of their surface, possibly procuring IBS loops a much-needed flexibility to insert in-between membrane lipids. The analysis of the 9 superfamilies revealed amino acid distribution patterns in agreement with their known functions and membrane-binding mechanisms. Besides revealing novel amino acids patterns at protein-membrane interfaces, our work contributes a new PMP dataset and an analysis pipeline that can be further built upon for future studies of PMPs properties, or for developing PMPs prediction tools using for example, machine learning approaches.
Topics: Amino Acids; Binding Sites; Peptides; Cell Membrane
PubMed: 36516231
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010346 -
Case Reports in Dentistry 2016Different types of artificial teeth and occlusal designs can be used in complete dentures. Bilateral balanced occlusion, lingualized occlusion, canine guidance, and...
Different types of artificial teeth and occlusal designs can be used in complete dentures. Bilateral balanced occlusion, lingualized occlusion, canine guidance, and monoplane are the main occlusal designs; however there is no agreement on which tooth arrangement is ideal for achieving success in complete dentures. This report presents an alternative for persistent involuntary protruding complete denture wearers through the use of artificial teeth with higher cusps. Due to an old and worn pair of complete dentures, the patient had the habit of protruding. New dentures were made with Biotone artificial teeth and in the trial session, the patient would still protrude. A new set was made with Premium artificial teeth, which present higher cusps. With these dentures, the involuntary protrusion did not occur. From the delivery to the follow-up sessions, the patient stopped protruding.
PubMed: 27069698
DOI: 10.1155/2016/7418686