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Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia May 2022The current investigation aimed to clarify the histomorphological features, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histochemistry of the proventriculus in the adult...
The current investigation aimed to clarify the histomorphological features, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histochemistry of the proventriculus in the adult hooded crow (Corvus cornix). Twenty-two adult birds of both sexes were collected from El-Fayoum and Beni-Suef governorates, Egypt; ten were used for anatomical investigation, two were scanned using SEM, and ten were subjected to routine histological technique. The obtained anatomical results revealed a small-sized spindle-shaped proventriculus obliquely located in the left ventral part of the body cavity with an average body weight, length and diameter of 1.689 ± 0.231 gm, 1.54 ± 0.383cm and 3.51 ± 0.416cm, respectively. The histological examination revealed a typical tubular organ. The mucosa exhibited several plicae and sulci that were lined with simple columnar cells. The lamina propria was composed of collagenous connective tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes, lymphatic aggregations and tubular glands. The submucosa consisted of collagenic fibres and compound tubuloalveolar glandular lobules lined with oxynticopeptic cells and enteroendocrine cells. The oxynticopeptic cells reacted negatively with PAS and Alcian Blue stains, whereas the ductal cells reacted positively with PAS only. Enteroendocrine cells were seen singly in the lamina epithelialis mucosae and were abundant in submucosal glands. The tunica musclaris was arranged in two layers covered by serosa. The proventricular glands' openings were noticed by SEM as raised tubes with regular circular outlines surrounded by anastomosed microscopic folds. The obtained histomorphological structure of the hooded crow's proventriculus revealed some shared morphological features with most species of birds and some variations that might be attributed to their diet and feeding behaviour.
Topics: Animals; Crows; Electrons; Female; Gizzard, Avian; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Proventriculus
PubMed: 35201636
DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12798 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Aug 2019Nematodes of the genus parasitize ostriches, causing high mortality rates. These nematodes are found in the proventriculus and ventriculus of ostriches, but little is...
Anatomopathological changes, quantification and distribution of spp. in regions of the proventriculus and ventriculus of naturally- and experimentally-infected ostriches.
Nematodes of the genus parasitize ostriches, causing high mortality rates. These nematodes are found in the proventriculus and ventriculus of ostriches, but little is known about their distribution and the possible anatomopathological changes they cause in the various regions of these organs. This paper describes the distribution and quantification of and pathological changes found in regions of the proventriculus and ventriculus of ostriches with high and low levels of both natural and experimental infection. Ostriches were necropsied and tissue samples from the distinct regions of both organs were analysed based on nematode counts and histopathology after staining with haematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome or Alcian blue/PAS. The cranial and glandular regions of the proventriculus were the most parasitized. The ventriculus contained more nematodes in the caudal region. No macro- or microscopic pathological changes were observed in either of these organs of experimentally-infected birds. However, naturally-infected birds with high levels of infection presented proventriculus with macroscopic lesions and heterophilic infiltrates surrounding nematodes. In the glandular region of this organ, nematodes were located in the adenomeres of the secretory ducts, causing altered architecture and erosions and ulcerative lesions with damaged epithelium. Nematode eggs were found in the koilin layer of the middle and caudal regions of the ventriculus only of these birds. The pH of the regions assessed by Alcian blue/PAS staining changed from acidic in the proventriculus to more alkaline in the caudal region of the ventriculus. These data add knowledge to the biology of . The most parasitized areas were the cranial and glandular regions of the proventriculus. Naturally-infected birds with high levels of infection presented macro lesions in the proventriculus and damaged epithelium. Nematode eggs were found in the ventriculus. The proventriculus had an acidic pH, which turned alkaline towards the ventriculus.
Topics: Animals; Autopsy; Bird Diseases; Gizzard, Avian; Proventriculus; Rheiformes; Trichostrongyloidea; Trichostrongyloidiasis
PubMed: 30978306
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1607254 -
Micron (Oxford, England : 1993) Dec 2009The proventriculus is a specialized part of the foregut in the alimentary canal in some insects, varying greatly in its structure across different insect groups. The...
The proventriculus is a specialized part of the foregut in the alimentary canal in some insects, varying greatly in its structure across different insect groups. The ultramorphology of the proventriculus in Mecoptera was investigated in eight species of Panorpidae and one of the Bittacidae using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The proventriculus consists of the outer circular muscles, the inner longitudinal muscles, an epithelium, and a sclerotized intima with dense acanthae. The proventricular acanthae could be divided into three categories: the anterior acanthae (AA), the main acanthae (MA), and the posterior acanthae (PA). In Panorpidae the AA are rounded in cross section and could be subdivided into two subtypes, the long AA with a polytomy apiculus and the short AA with a V-shaped or spine-like apiculus. The MA, covering the majority of the proventricular inner surface, are dense, uniform, and hollow rectangular structures in cross section with forked apiculi. Each hollow base of the MA was first found to be inserted with a cone-shaped process of the corresponding epithelial cell. The PA are very thin, with a spine-like apiculus. In Bittacidae the proventriculus is specialized by a ring of cuticular thickening within its anterior orifice, and the AA are shaped like a ring of thin spines. Six cardiac valves were observed in Panorpidae and ten in Bittacidae. The functions of the various types of acanthae in digestion and extra-oral digestion and their significance in insect systematics are briefly discussed.
Topics: Animals; Digestive System; Insecta; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
PubMed: 19540768
DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2009.05.009 -
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Jun 2007
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Diagnosis, Differential; Euthanasia, Animal; Female; Foreign Bodies; Gizzard, Avian; Proventriculus; Radiography; Stomach Neoplasms; Strigiformes
PubMed: 18065140
DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742(2007)21[162:WIYD]2.0.CO;2 -
Cell and Tissue Research Mar 1991The endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus were investigated immunocytochemically, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on paraffin and semithin sections...
The endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus were investigated immunocytochemically, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on paraffin and semithin sections for light microscopy, and immunogold staining in osmium-fixed material for electron microscopy. The fixation procedure also allowed a detailed ultrastructural investigation. Twenty-three antisera were tested and 7 immunoreactive cell-types were identified: D-cells containing somatostatin-like peptide; EG-cells immunoreactive to anti-glucagon, anti-GLP1 and anti-neurotensin; NT-cells labelled only with anti-neurotensin; BN-cells containing bombesin-like material; ENK-cells showing met-enkephalin immunoreactivity; EC-cells reactive to anti-serotonin; and APP-cells positive to anti-avian pancreatic polypeptide. In addition, enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, were also detected by electron microscopy. The presence of ENK-cells and the ultrastructure of these and NT-cells are described for the first time in chicken proventriculus, and glucagon. GLP1 and neurotensin are shown to be colocalized in the EG-cells.
Topics: Animals; Bombesin; Chickens; Enkephalin, Methionine; Glucagon; Gold; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neurotensin; Osmium; Pancreatic Polypeptide; Proventriculus; Serotonin; Somatostatin
PubMed: 1678989
DOI: 10.1007/BF00327287 -
The Histochemical Journal Jan 2000The proventriculus constitutes the glandular region of the chicken stomach. This organ is innervated by two parasympathetic networks, the myenteric and submucous plexus,...
The proventriculus constitutes the glandular region of the chicken stomach. This organ is innervated by two parasympathetic networks, the myenteric and submucous plexus, and here we present a systematic study of this system by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. All the neurons and fibres were positive for the neural markers, protein gene product 9.5 and the amidating enzymes. Immunoreactivities for the constitutive neuronal isoform of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase and the vasoactive intestinal peptide were present in neuronal bodies suggesting an intrinsic origin for the similarly immunoreactive fibres found in the proventriculus. On the other hand, immunoreactivity to gastric inhibitory peptide was only found in varicose fibres making contact with the blood vessels and the glandular epithelium, but never in the neuronal somas, suggesting that this substance may be provided by an extrinsic nervous system whose neuronal bodies are located elsewhere. Electron microscopy revealed frequent neuromuscular and neuroepithelial connections in the muscle layers, the wall of the blood vessels and the epithelium. In addition, synapsis-like structures were identified in the proximity of cells belonging to the diffuse endocrine system, providing a new example of neuroendocrine contacts. No positivity was found for antibodies against other neural substances including somatostatin, peptide histidine-isoleucine, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, neuropeptide tyrosine, bombesin, met-enkephalin, serotonin, substance P, galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and S-100 protein.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chickens; Immunohistochemistry; Myenteric Plexus; Nerve Fibers; Neuromuscular Junction; Neurons; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Proventriculus; Submucous Plexus; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 10805386
DOI: 10.1023/a:1003962413417 -
Avian Diseases Mar 2019Laying hens ( = 2267) ranging in age from 2 to 4 yr in a study evaluating ovarian cancer prevention were necropsied. Those that died or were culled during the 2-yr study...
Laying hens ( = 2267) ranging in age from 2 to 4 yr in a study evaluating ovarian cancer prevention were necropsied. Those that died or were culled during the 2-yr study ( = 1591) were necropsied weekly to determine the most probable cause of death or culling and cancer status. Hens surviving until the end of the study ( = 676) were euthanized and necropsied. Hens necropsied before and after a hen with proventricular intussusception served as cohorts ( = 38). Nineteen hens (13 dead, 6 culled) had intussusceptions of the proventriculus into the ventriculus. Mean age of affected hens was 154 wk (range 110-204 wk). None of the hens in the study had an intestinal intussusception, and none of the hens euthanized at the end of the study had a proventricular intussusception. Hens with proventricular intussusceptions were severely emaciated; mean body weights were 1040 and 1736 g for affected and cohort hens, respectively. Necropsy findings included prominent keel, marked muscle atrophy, generalized serous atrophy of fat, no visible proventriculus, esophagus directly entering the ventriculus, and an enlarged, spherical, firm ventriculus, which contained an invaginated, swollen, diffusely ulcerated proventriculus. Eighteen affected hens were anovulatory (94.7%) compared to 27 cohorts (71.1%). Severe, diffuse necrosis and ulceration of the proventricular mucosa was confirmed microscopically, but no etiologic agent was identified. In conclusion, proventricular intussusception of undetermined etiology was identified as a cause of sporadic emaciation, culling, and mortality in older laying hens.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Emaciation; Female; Intussusception; Poultry Diseases; Proventriculus
PubMed: 31251526
DOI: 10.1637/11962-083118-Case.1 -
Journal of Anatomy Dec 1975A histological study has shown that considerable amounts of lipid accumulate in the oxyntico-peptic cells of the proventriculus of domestic fowls deprived of food. Lipid...
A histological study has shown that considerable amounts of lipid accumulate in the oxyntico-peptic cells of the proventriculus of domestic fowls deprived of food. Lipid droplets were first seen in the cells 6 hours after commencing the fast and they reached a maximum in 24 hours; a decrease was detected histologically 2 hours after re-feeding and all lipid had disappeared 8 hours after access to food. Lipid was observed in fasted chickens aged from 1 to 27 weeks, in four different breeds, and in certain naturally occurring diseases. Small amounts of lipid were also seen in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys of chickens which had been fasted. The relationship of the lipid to the metabolism of the oxyntico-peptic cells and to certain disease states is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Biotin; Chickens; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Fasting; Female; Histocytochemistry; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Lipids; Male; Proventriculus; Time Factors
PubMed: 1213950
DOI: No ID Found -
Poultry Science Sep 2018The digestive system of a chicken is simple, short, and extremely efficient. In the upper gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) or foregut, in particular when feed is not... (Review)
Review
The digestive system of a chicken is simple, short, and extremely efficient. In the upper gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) or foregut, in particular when feed is not continuously available, moistening of feed occurs in the crop followed by chemical and physical digestion in the proventriculus and gizzard, respectively, as a preparation for nutrient absorption which occurs in the distal portions of the GIT-duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and to a lower extent in the ceca and colon. Broiler husbandry practices in the past have focused on achieving high intakes of readily digestible nutrients and largely failed to consider the ancestral purpose of the foregut. Besides holding important digestive functions, the rich bacterial communities in both the crop and the gizzard transform these organs in barriers preventing the invasion of the GIT by pathogens. However, the amount of time feed spends in the foregut-and therefore the environment in this gut segment-is extremely variable and can be manipulated by different feeding practices, such as feed structure and composition, frequency of feeding, and/or light regimes.With further progress in terms of performance and health of broiler chickens being sought, and following decades of research focusing on distal GIT segments, it is about time to explore how the foregut can contribute to achieve these goals. This review revisits morphological, physiological, and microbiological characteristics of the foregut; explores the importance of this GIT portion as feed intake regulator; and discusses how husbandry and feeding practices such as lighting regimes and feed structure may be adapted to activate the crop and the gizzard, which results in performance and health improvements. Finally, interactions of these feeding practices with exogenous enzymes are discussed and suggestions for further research are made.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Chickens; Gizzard, Avian; Proventriculus
PubMed: 29893913
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey191 -
Nature Dec 1973
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Chickens; Duodenum; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrins; Proventriculus; Rats
PubMed: 4587153
DOI: 10.1038/246424a0