-
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia Jun 2011The cranial chamber (proventriculus) and caudal chamber (ventriculus) of the stomach of the Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) were examined by means of light...
The cranial chamber (proventriculus) and caudal chamber (ventriculus) of the stomach of the Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) were examined by means of light microscopy. Both chambers presented folds of the tunica mucosa lined by a simple prismatic epithelium that was positive for neutral mucin. Simple tubular glands occupied the lamina propria of both chambers; in the ventriculus of older birds, they showed a coiled base. These ventricular glands were lined by simple cuboidal cells represented by the chief cells and a few large basal cells. The luminal and tubular koilin rodlets and folds of the ventriculus were positive to periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain. The proventricular glands were situated between the inner and outer layers of the lamina muscularis mucosae. Cells lining the tubulo-alveolar units of the proventricular glands showed a dentate appearance. Vacuoles were not observed, and the cells were negative for Alcian-PAS stain. The tunica submucosa was very thin in the proventricular wall. In the ventriculus, it was not separated from the lamina propria owing to the absence of any lamina muscularis mucosae. The tunica muscularis of the proventriculus was formed by a thick inner layer of circular smooth muscle fibres and a thin outer layer of longitudinal fibres. In addition to these layers, oblique muscle fibres formed the most internal layer of the tunica muscularis in the ventriculus.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Epithelial Cells; Gastric Mucosa; Male; Microscopy; Mucins; Mucous Membrane; Proventriculus; Stomach
PubMed: 21443757
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01058.x -
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia Aug 2009Histomorphology of the proventriculi of nectarivorous, granivorous and omnivorous passerines was studied. The proventriculus consisted of mucosal, submucosal, muscularis...
Histomorphology of the proventriculi of nectarivorous, granivorous and omnivorous passerines was studied. The proventriculus consisted of mucosal, submucosal, muscularis and serosal layers. Proventricular wall was thickest in omnivore, thinnest in granivore and intermediate in nectarivore. The openings of mucosal glands had a single spiral-like fold of mucosa in the omnivorous Silvereye, 2-3 spirals in the granivorous Zebra finch and 4-5 spirals in the nectarivorous Brown honeyeater. The mucosal glands were arranged in a uniform row in the wall of the organ and opened individually via a primary duct to the lumen of the proventriculus. The surface epithelial cells of the tunica mucosa contained secretory cells and the proventricular glands contained endocrine, neck and oxynticopeptic cells. The ultrastructural features of the oxynticopeptic cells changed from the oral to the aboral portion of the gland. In the oral region, the cytoplasm presented numerous, smaller (600-900 nm) homogenously dense zymogen secretory vesicles and larger (0.8-2.3 microm) pale floccular, tubular, mucin-like secretory granules, few small mitochondria and RER while in the aboral portion of the gland, the cytoplasm presented numerous, large mitochondria with closely packed cristae, secondary lysosome and infolding of the basal and apical cell membrane. The tunica sub mucosa was thin with occasional large blood vessels. The tunica muscularis consisted of inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal layers. The external tunica serosa contained large bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that were possibly branches of the intestinal nerve. The structural adaptations of the proventriculi of these three species to their various diets are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Passeriformes; Proventriculus
PubMed: 19476450
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00930.x -
Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound : the... 2010Healthy, adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) were imaged on three occasions to determine the effects of anesthesia, patient rotation, feeding, and...
Healthy, adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) were imaged on three occasions to determine the effects of anesthesia, patient rotation, feeding, and short/long-term temporal factors on the proventriculus:keel ratio. Increasing rotation up to 15 degrees from right lateral resulted in increased inability to measure the proventriculus in up to 44% of birds, meaning that the proventriculus:keel ratio could not be calculated from those radiographs. There was a significant difference between the proventriculus:keel ratio for individual parrots when quantified 3 weeks apart. Despite this difference, all ratios remained within normal limits. No significant effect was identified due to anesthesia, feeding, fasting, or repeated imaging through an 8-h period. Interobserver agreement for measurability and correlation for the proventriculus:keel ratio values was high. It is recommended that the proventriculus:keel ratio be calculated from anesthetized parrots to attain images in true lateral recumbency. Ratio fluctuations within the normal range between radiographs obtained on different dates may be observed in normal parrots.
Topics: Amazona; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia; Animals; Food; Observer Variation; Parrots; Posture; Proventriculus; Radiography; Time Factors
PubMed: 20402397
DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01638.x -
Canadian Journal of Research Apr 1948
Topics: Animals; Humans; Insecta; Proventriculus
PubMed: 18865555
DOI: 10.1139/cjr48d-011 -
Microscopy Research and Technique Aug 2021The alimentary canal is divided into three parts in insects as foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The intima of the foregut in orthopteran species is covered by cuticular...
The alimentary canal is divided into three parts in insects as foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The intima of the foregut in orthopteran species is covered by cuticular layer which is differentiated into some spicules, microspines, lamellae, teeth, and ordenticles. Arrangement of these cuticular structures and histomorphological features differ in the pharynx, esophagus, crop, and proventriculus parts of the foregut. Moreover, the arrangement of these cuticular structures can vary among insect species. Consequently, these structures can be used as taxonomical characters. In this study, the morphological and ultrastructural features of the proventriculus which is the last part of the foregut in Bolua turkiyae Ünal, 1999 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) were investigated. B. turkiyae is an endemic species and there is no detailed information about the biology of this species. With the use of a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope it was revealed that sclerotized structures with microspines in different morphologies and arrangements are present on the inner surface of the proventriculus. These structures show a high level of similarity despite some differences in Orthoptera.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Tract; Insecta; Microscopy; Orthoptera; Proventriculus
PubMed: 33580984
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23734 -
Acta Veterinaria Hungarica Jun 2006In this report, the late clinical, necropsy, and histopathological findings of idiopathic gastric stasis in an ostrich are described, with special attention to the...
In this report, the late clinical, necropsy, and histopathological findings of idiopathic gastric stasis in an ostrich are described, with special attention to the proventriculus. An ostrich with clinical signs of gastric stasis was brought to our clinic in a state of impending death that could not be reversed with emergency medical care. At necropsy, the koilin layer of the gizzard was uneven without ulcerations. The proventriculus was distended with food items without impaction and mucosal lesions. None of the most typical aetiological factors including foreign objects, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster and parasitic infection with Libyostrongylus douglassii was present. Histologically, the proventriculus was characterised by hyperplastic mucosa with luminal buds and necrotic cells in the lumen. Immunochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) revealed a high rate of proliferation in epithelial cells of the glandular and mucosal lining in the proventriculus neighbouring the affected gizzard: approximately 88.6% of the cells were immunoreactive as compared to 34.4% of the cells in control ostriches used for comparison. In conclusion, in the absence of gizzard contraction, the mucosal lining of the proventriculus is hyperplastic with a high rate of proliferation that may help compensate the distension due to the accumulation of food items.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Cell Proliferation; Fatal Outcome; Female; Gastroparesis; Gizzard, Avian; Hyperplasia; Immunohistochemistry; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Proventriculus; Struthioniformes
PubMed: 16841759
DOI: 10.1556/AVet.54.2006.2.8 -
Peptides Jan 2015To determine mechanisms for age-related decrease of GHS-R1a expression in the chicken proventriculus, changes in mRNA expression of ghrelin and...
Correlation of ghrelin concentration and ghrelin, ghrelin-O-acetyltransferase (GOAT) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a mRNAs expression in the proventriculus and brain of the growing chicken.
To determine mechanisms for age-related decrease of GHS-R1a expression in the chicken proventriculus, changes in mRNA expression of ghrelin and ghrelin-O-acetyltransferase (GOAT) as well as ghrelin concentrations in the proventriculus and plasma were examined in growing chickens. Changes in expression levels of ghrelin, GOAT and GHS-R1a mRNAs were also examined in different brain regions (pituitary, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, midbrain and medulla oblongata). Ghrelin concentrations in the proventriculus and plasma increased with aging and reached plateaus at 30-50 days after hatching. High level of ghrelin mRNA decreased at 3 days after hatching, and it became stable at half of the initial level. Expression levels of GHS-R1a and GOAT decreased 3 or 5 days after hatching and became stable at low levels. Significant negative correlations were found between plasma ghrelin and mRNA levels of GOAT and GHS-R1a. Expression levels of ghrelin mRNA were different in the brain regions, but a significant change was not seen with aging. GHS-R1a expression was detected in all brain regions, and age-dependent changes were observed in the pituitary and cerebellum. Different from the proventriculus, the expression of GOAT in the brain increased or did not change with aging. These results suggest that decreased GHS-R1a and GOAT mRNA expression in the proventriculus is due to endogenous ghrelin-induced down-regulation. Expression levels of ghrelin, GOAT and GHS-R1a in the brain were independently regulated from that in the proventriculus, and age-related and region-dependent regulation pattern suggests a local effect of ghrelin system in chicken brain.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Avian Proteins; Brain; Chickens; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Ghrelin; Male; Organ Specificity; Proventriculus; Receptors, Ghrelin
PubMed: 25435492
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.006 -
Regulatory Peptides Mar 2003Ghrelin was isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and has been found in the gastrointestinal tract...
Ghrelin was isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and has been found in the gastrointestinal tract of many vertebrates. Although the sequence and structure of chicken ghrelin has recently been determined, morphological characteristics of ghrelin cells in the chicken gastrointestinal tract are still obscure. In this study, we investigated ghrelin expression and distribution of ghrelin-producing cells in the hatching and adult chicken gastrointestinal tract by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Ghrelin mRNA expression was observed mainly in the proventriculus in the hatching chicken and in the proventriculus, pylorus and duodenum of the adult chicken by RT-PCR. Ghrelin-immunopositive (ghrelin-ip) cells in the proventriculus were located at the mucosal layer but not in the myenteric plexus or smooth muscle layer. The number of ghrelin-ip cells in the adult chicken was greater than that in the hatching chicken. Interestingly, in the adult chicken, the number of ghrelin-ip cells were almost the same as that of ghrelin mRNA-expressing (ghrelin-ex) cells; however, in the hatching chicken, the number of ghrelin-ex cells was greater than that of ghrelin-ip cells. These results clearly demonstrate that ghrelin-producing cells exist in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, especially in the proventriculus, from hatching to adult stages of development, as well as in mammals.
Topics: Animals; Cell Count; Chickens; Digestive System; Ghrelin; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Intestinal Mucosa; Peptide Hormones; Proventriculus; RNA, Messenger; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 12609759
DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00265-3 -
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Sep 2019An adult, female red-tailed hawk () was presented for examination after being found unable to fly on a private citizen's property. Further diagnostic testing revealed a...
An adult, female red-tailed hawk () was presented for examination after being found unable to fly on a private citizen's property. Further diagnostic testing revealed a vascular, soft tissue mass arising from the serosal surface of the proximal proventriculus. Postmortem histological and immunohistochemical examination of the mass revealed an unusual mesenchymal tumor with features consistent with a leiomyoma or low-grade gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Fatal Outcome; Female; Hawks; Leiomyoma; Proventriculus; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 31893626
DOI: 10.1647/2018-365 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... May 2020Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a neurotropic virus that can cause gastrointestinal and/or neurologic signs of disease in birds. The disease process is called proventricular... (Review)
Review
Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a neurotropic virus that can cause gastrointestinal and/or neurologic signs of disease in birds. The disease process is called proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). The characteristic lesions observed in birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the proventriculus. ABV is widely distributed in captive and wild bird populations. Most birds infected do not show clinical signs of disease. This article is an update of the Veterinary Clinics of North America article from 2013: Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease: Diagnostics, Pathology, Prevalence, and Control.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Bornaviridae; Dilatation; Mononegavirales Infections; Prevalence; Proventriculus
PubMed: 32327040
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.006