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Folia Histochemica Et Cytobiologica 1986Cytochemical characterization of mucosubstances of chick glanular stomach (proventriculus) changes from 15 days of development to postnatal and adult stages was studied....
Cytochemical characterization of mucosubstances of chick glanular stomach (proventriculus) changes from 15 days of development to postnatal and adult stages was studied. To corroborate these data cytochemical, ultrastructural and ultracytochemical study of chick embryo proventriculus from 7 to 20 days of development was performed. At the 7th day several layers of undifferentiated cells formed an epithelium which covered the walls of the glandular stomach. Mocosubstances were not found. Between the 9th and 5th day a single layer of cylindrical cells was encountered forming invaginations which originated deep glands. Three types of cells were separated from the above mentioned layer, dark, clear and undifferentiated. The dark cells had organelles which are involved in protein synthesis and the clear ones were rich in mitochondria. Argentaffine cells appeared at 15th day instead mucosubstances formed a thin coat on the epithelium at 9th day which increased at the end of development in the apical cytoplasm and gland cells. These observations demonstrate that proventriculus of chick embryo has ultrastructurally differentiated cells involved with enzymatic and hydrochloric acid secretion after the 9th day. These progressive events are correlated with the digestion process of yolk during embryogenesis. At the end of development the proventriculus has completely organized the glandular layer.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Chick Embryo; Gastric Mucosa; Glycoproteins; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Electron
PubMed: 3556666
DOI: No ID Found -
Regulatory Peptides Aug 1997To characterize the motilin receptors present in the chicken, the effects of chicken motilin (Phe-Val-Pro-Phe-Phe-Thr-Gln-Ser-Asp-Ile-Gln-Lys-Met-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Arg... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
To characterize the motilin receptors present in the chicken, the effects of chicken motilin (Phe-Val-Pro-Phe-Phe-Thr-Gln-Ser-Asp-Ile-Gln-Lys-Met-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Arg -Asn-Lys-Gly-Gln), Leu13 porcine motilin, canine motilin and three erythromycin derivatives (EMA, EM523, GM611) on the contractility of the chicken gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscles were investigated in vitro and compared with those in the rabbit duodenum. In the proventriculus longitudinal and circular muscle layers, chicken motilin (3 nM-1 microM) caused an atropine- and a tetrodotoxin-sensitive contraction (EC50 = 39-49 nM), and potentiated the EFS-induced contraction without affecting the responsiveness of acetylcholine. EM523 and GM611 (3-100 microM) contracted the proventriculus longitudinal muscle, and the maximum amplitudes of contraction were about 60% of that induced by chicken motilin. Chicken motilin (0.1 nM-100 nM) also caused contraction of the ileum (EC50 = 7 nM) through direct action on the smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, erythromycin derivatives showed only a weak contractile efficacy (about 20% of the maximum response of chicken motilin) even at high concentrations (10-100 microM). The rank order of potency in the ileum was chicken motilin > canine motilin > or = Leu13 porcine motilin > > GM611 > or = EM523 > or = EMA. GM109 slightly inhibited the ideal contractions induced by Leu13 porcine motilin at 100 microM (pA2 = 3.86). In the rabbit duodenum, chicken motilin was a full agonist with the same intrinsic activity as Leu13 porcine motilin, canine motilin and the erythromycin derivatives. However, the rank order of potency (Leu13 porcine motilin > or = canine motilin > chicken motilin > GM611 > or = EM523 > EMA) was different from that in the chicken ileum. In conclusion, chicken motilin causes an excitatory response in the chicken GI tract through activation of neural (proventriculus) and smooth muscle motilin receptors (ileum). The motilin receptor present in the ileum is different from that demonstrated in the rabbit intestine, because of a different rank order of motilin peptides in producing the contraction, low contracting activity of erythromycin derivatives and low antagonistic efficacy of GM109. Different pharmacological characteristics of the mechanical response induced by motilin peptides and erythromycin derivatives between the proventriculus and the ileum are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Dogs; Erythromycin; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hormones; Ileum; Motilin; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Proventriculus; Rabbits; Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone; Receptors, Neuropeptide; Swine
PubMed: 9416990
DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(97)01024-0 -
Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound : the... 2009The proventriculus:keel ratio was evaluated as a prognostic indicator for short-term survival in parrots with proventricular disease. Measurements were made from right...
The proventriculus:keel ratio was evaluated as a prognostic indicator for short-term survival in parrots with proventricular disease. Measurements were made from right lateral radiographs of 41 parrots with proventricular disease. Results were compared with the previously described abnormal proventriculus:keel ratio range and to short-term clinical outcome at 1-month postdiagnosis. The ratio in all parrots was > 0.52, and 39% of parrots succumbed to their disease within 1 month of diagnosis. There was no significant association between the proventriculus:keel ratio and survival duration (P = 0.9). The proventriculus:keel ratio is a sensitive indicator of proventricular disease in parrots but is insensitive as a prognostic indicator.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Parrots; Prognosis; Proventriculus; Radiography; Sternum; Stomach Diseases; Survival Rate
PubMed: 19788031
DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01582.x -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Aug 2007We report here the ontogenic changes in mRNA expression of chicken ghrelin (cGhrelin) and its receptor (cGHS-R1a) and the effects of fasting and refeeding on cGhrelin...
We report here the ontogenic changes in mRNA expression of chicken ghrelin (cGhrelin) and its receptor (cGHS-R1a) and the effects of fasting and refeeding on cGhrelin and cGHS-R1a mRNAs expression in 30-day-old broiler chickens. The level of cGhrelin mRNA in the proventriculus was low from embryo--day 15 (E15) to E19, but dramatically increased at post-hatching-day 2 (P2), then remained constant until P30 and followed by a significant decrease at P44 when there was a diet transition at P31 and thereafter. The decreased level was reversed at P58. Hypothalamic cGhrelin mRNA and proventriculus and hepatic cGHS-R1a mRNA were significantly increased at P30. The cGhrelin mRNA level in the proventriculus significantly increased in response to either 12-h or 36-h fasting but did not decrease after subsequent 12-h refeeding. The level of cGHS-R1a mRNA in the proventriculus was significantly upregulated in response to a 12-h fast but not to a 36-h fast and returned to the control level upon 12-h refeeding. Interestingly, it was apparent that the mRNA levels of both cGhrelin and cGHS-R1a in the liver were upregulated in response to fasting in a time-dependent manner and returned to the control level with subsequent refeeding. These results suggest that the expression pattern of ghrelin and its receptor mRNAs distinctly change in tissues depending on ontogenic stages and feeding states in poultry.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Feeding Behavior; Food Deprivation; Gene Expression Regulation; Ghrelin; Hypothalamus; Ligands; Liver; Male; Peptide Hormones; Proventriculus; RNA, Messenger; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Receptors, Ghrelin
PubMed: 17376723
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.017 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jun 2015Avian colibacillosis, characterized by black proventriculus and caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) with an uncommon O142 serogroup, was diagnosed in...
Avian colibacillosis, characterized by black proventriculus and caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) with an uncommon O142 serogroup, was diagnosed in young broiler breeders. Colonization and persistence assays performed in 7-day-old broilers showed that the bacterial load of the APEC 4d/9-1 O142 proventricular isolate in the lung was about 10-fold higher than that of the APEC 4d/9-1 O142 heart blood isolate (P<0.01), and about 100-fold higher in the heart blood, livers, spleens, kidneys, and proventriculi of inoculated broilers (P<0.001). When 32 common virulence genes of APEC were tested, the two isolates had nearly identical profiles, except that only the APEC 4d/9-1 O142 proventricular isolate carried the feoB gene. Furthermore, 100% mortality was observed in both 1-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers and 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens inoculated with 10(6) colony-forming units of the APEC 4d/9-1 O142 proventricular isolate. However, black proventriculus was only observed in the dead AA broilers, consistent with the clinical occurrence of the disease. This implies that the black proventriculi seen in the dead birds, caused by the APEC 4d/9-1 O142 proventricular isolate, was breed-specific. Both the APEC 4d/9-1 O142 proventricular and heart blood isolates belong to phylogroup B2. However, the former was assigned to ST131 and the latter to ST2704 with multilocus sequence typing, demonstrating the genetic heterogeneity of these two bacterial isolates, although they were derived from the same dead broiler. These results suggest that the O142 APEC isolate was the main pathogenic agent for black proventriculi in 7-day-old broiler breeders.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; China; Disease Outbreaks; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Poultry Diseases; Proventriculus; Sepsis; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 25709068
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.013 -
Journal of Anatomy Jul 2010Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins which constitute the major component of the mucus layer and are produce by many epithelial tissues in vertebrates....
The differences between the localizations of MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC6 and osteopontin in quail proventriculus and gizzard may be a reflection of functional differences of stomach parts.
Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins which constitute the major component of the mucus layer and are produce by many epithelial tissues in vertebrates. Osteopontin (OPN) is an adhesive phosphorylated glycoprotein that is expressed by a broad range of tissues and cells. Although gastric mucins MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC6 and OPN have been widely used in histological studies and in diagnostic pathology in order to diagnose gastric carcinomas, their localizations in the stomach of quail have not yet been studied. In this study, the localizations of MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC6 and OPN in the proventriculus and gizzard of Japanese quail during the post-hatching period were compared at light microscope levels by applying immunohistochemical methods. In all ages studied, the immunoreactivity of MUC5AC was present in the lining epithelium of both folds and superficial proventricular glands in the proventriculus, whereas MUC1, MUC6 and OPN reactivity was found in the oxynticopeptic cells of profound proventricular glands. In addition, some cells in the fold epithelium of the proventriculus showed a positive reaction to OPN. The immunoreactivity of MUC1 in gizzard was different from that of MUC5AC. Although MUC5AC was expressed in the cells of both the surface epithelium and profound glands of the gizzard, MUC1 was only localized in the profound glands of the gizzard. However, MUC6 and OPN immunoreactivity was absent in the gizzard. The results indicated that the differences between the localizations of MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC6 and OPN in quail proventriculus and gizzard may be a reflection of functional differences of stomach parts. Although the biological significances of the expressions of MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC6 and OPN in the quail stomach remains unknown, these notable glycoproteins may be associated with barrier function, host defence, and/or secretion.
Topics: Animals; Coturnix; Gastric Mucosa; Gizzard, Avian; Male; Mucin 5AC; Mucin-1; Mucin-6; Mucins; Osteopontin; Proventriculus
PubMed: 20492430
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01243.x -
Journal of Gastroenterology 2002Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a gene encoding a protein that can be secreted and act as a morphogen. The protein exerts versatile and important effects on the surrounding... (Review)
Review
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a gene encoding a protein that can be secreted and act as a morphogen. The protein exerts versatile and important effects on the surrounding cells by binding a specific receptor, named patched. So far Shh has been shown to be involved in the morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of many organ systems, such as notochord, floor plate, limb, pancreas, and pituitary gland, to mention only a few examples. Shh is also involved in the determination of left-right asymmetry, at least in the chicken embryo. Here we present evidence that Shh is one of the key genes whose activity is pivotal for the normal morphogenesis and differentiation of digestive organs. Epithelial Shh regulates the formation of stomach glands and stratification of the mesenchyme into connective tissue and smooth muscle. It exerts its effect often through the induction of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) genes in the mesenchyme. Thus, Shh is a key player in the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the development of the gut.
Topics: Animals; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Chick Embryo; Digestive System; Gizzard, Avian; Hedgehog Proteins; Intestinal Mucosa; Mesoderm; Pepsinogen A; Proventriculus; Trans-Activators
PubMed: 11993506
DOI: 10.1007/s005350200030 -
Journal of Insect Physiology Jun 2002The control of crop emptying in foraging honeybees was investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. Following feeding, they were...
The control of crop emptying in foraging honeybees was investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. Following feeding, they were dissected after fixed periods of time in order to measure crop content and haemolymph sugar titers. Between feeding and dissection, the metabolic rate of every investigated forager was measured using open-flow respirometry, so as to assess the effects of both food quality (concentration, molarity and viscosity of the fed sugar solution) and food quantity on the transport rate through the proventriculus. The sugar transport rate through the proventriculus was observed to be mainly dependent on the metabolic expenditure of the individual. Bee foragers were able to precisely adjust the sugar transport rate to their metabolic rates, but under certain conditions, an excess of sugars was transported through the proventriculus, more than needed to cover the bee's energetic demands. This excess depended on the nutritive value and quantity of the fed sugar solution, and on the time after feeding. It did not depend on the metabolic rate of the bee, the molarity, or the viscosity of the fed sugar solution. As long as the bees did not exhaust their crop contents, the haemolymph sugar titers were unaffected by this excess amount transported, by the time after feeding, the concentration and the viscosity of the fed sugar solution. For all feeding conditions assayed, the haemolymph trehalose titer remained constant, while the titers of other haemolymph sugars varied. It is suggested that the trehalose concentration in the haemolymph is regulated in honeybees, and that it represents the controlled variable in the feedback loop responsible for the transport rate through the proventriculus.
PubMed: 12770075
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00090-2 -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... Jul 2005Ghrelin is modified by fatty acid at the third serine residue. In this study, derivation of fatty acid for acylation of ghrelin was investigated using a hatchling...
Ghrelin is modified by fatty acid at the third serine residue. In this study, derivation of fatty acid for acylation of ghrelin was investigated using a hatchling chicken model. We first studied ghrelin gene expression and production in the neonatal chick proventriculus and then investigated the effect of exogenous octanoic acid (OA) administration on acylated ghrelin production. In a free-feeding condition on day 2.5 after hatching, the density of ghrelin mRNA-expressing (ghrelin-ex) cells was greater than that of ghrelin-immunopositive (ghrelin-ip) cells, but no difference was found between those densities in adult chickens. Intraperitoneal or oral administration of OA for a few days significantly increased the density of ghrelin-ip cells without any changes in ghrelin-ex cells and elevated only octanoylated ghrelin levels in the proventriculus. The results indicate that fatty acid absorbed from food is directly utilized in acylated ghrelin production in the chicken.
Topics: Acetylation; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Caprylates; Chickens; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Ghrelin; Peptide Hormones; Proventriculus
PubMed: 15953586
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.107 -
Acta Veterinaria Hungarica Dec 2011The authors describe a solitary adenoma in a 5.5-year-old female Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). The tumour was partially blocking the lumen of the proventriculus...
The authors describe a solitary adenoma in a 5.5-year-old female Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). The tumour was partially blocking the lumen of the proventriculus and filled it almost completely. Decreased passage of food towards the gizzard and the intestines developed in the bird as result of the obstruction, which periodically hindered the passage, leading to slow emaciation. An epithelial tumour composed of irregular glandular acini was diagnosed by histological examination. Immunohistochemical reaction with pancytokeratin showed a positive cytoplasmic reaction both in the neoplastic and the normal glandular structures.
Topics: Adenoma; Animals; Bird Diseases; Fatal Outcome; Female; Immunochemistry; Melopsittacus; Proventriculus; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 22079705
DOI: 10.1556/AVet.2011.031