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The Veterinary Clinics of North... May 2013Avian bornavirus (ABV) has been shown the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacines. Many healthy birds are infected with ABV, and the development... (Review)
Review
Avian bornavirus (ABV) has been shown the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacines. Many healthy birds are infected with ABV, and the development of PDD in such cases is unpredictable. As a result, the detection of ABV in a sick bird is not confirmation that it is suffering from PDD. Treatment studies are in their infancy. ABV is not restricted to psittacines. It has been found to cause PDD-like disease in canaries. It is also present at a high prevalence in North American geese, swans, and ducks. It is not believed that these waterfowl genotypes can cause disease in psittacines.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Bird Diseases; Bornaviridae; Dilatation; Ducks; Mononegavirales Infections; Prevalence; Proventriculus; Psittaciformes; Species Specificity; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 23642866
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2013.01.004 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology Apr 2012Immune cells not only patrol the body in the circulation but also importantly, associate with specific tissues, such as the intestinal epithelium. The complex...
Immune cells not only patrol the body in the circulation but also importantly, associate with specific tissues, such as the intestinal epithelium. The complex interactions between immune cells and their target tissues are difficult to study and simple, genetically tractable models are lacking. Here, we present the first thorough characterization of gut-associated macrophages in Drosophila larvae. We analyze their gene expression, morphology, development and lineage and importantly, demonstrate that they are functional (phagocytic) macrophages. We test their regulation by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and show evidence that this pathway regulates the population size of gut hemocytes and their phagocytic activity, reminiscent of recent findings in mammalian colitis models. Our data suggest that PI3K signaling modifies the adhesive properties of hemocytes, a possible mechanism for gut-hemocyte regulation. These results demonstrate the potential of the Drosophila larva as a simple tool to uncover mechanisms regulating recruitment and maintenance of innate immune cells at their target tissues.
Topics: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase; Animals; Drosophila melanogaster; Hemocytes; Larva; Macrophages; Proventriculus
PubMed: 22085781
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.10.013 -
Poultry Science Mar 1987Mucosal cells of the chicken proventriculus were isolated by a collagenase perfusion method and O2 uptake by the isolated cells was measured as an index of the activity...
Mucosal cells of the chicken proventriculus were isolated by a collagenase perfusion method and O2 uptake by the isolated cells was measured as an index of the activity of gastric acid secretion. Oxygen consumption was enhanced by histamine; this effect was augmented by the coexistence of isobutylmethylxanthine, an inhibitor of cyclic adenosine 5.-monophosphate (AMP) phosphodiesterase, and suppressed by imidazole, an activator of the enzyme. The action of histamine was inhibited by cimetidine, an antagonist of the histamine H2 receptor. These results indicate that the isolated cells retained the capacity to take up O2, responding to histamine via the H2 receptor and probably the cyclic AMP level. Gizzerosine (2-amino-9-(4-imidazolyl)-7-azanonanoic acid) also stimulated O2 consumption by the isolated cells. The effect of gizzerosine was cancelled by cimetidine, suggesting that the mechanism by which gizzerosine acts on the mucosal cells is similar to that of histamine action. These observations are consistent with our previous presumption that gizzerosine causes gizzard erosion by enhancing gastric acid secretion in chickens.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Imidazoles; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Proventriculus
PubMed: 3601868
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0660548 -
Canadian Journal of Comparative... Dec 1950
Topics: Animals; Birds; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Geese; Humans; Meat; Poultry; Proventriculus; Stomach
PubMed: 14792407
DOI: No ID Found -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Apr 2011Stomach cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Thus, it is important to elucidate the properties of gastric stem cells, including...
Stomach cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Thus, it is important to elucidate the properties of gastric stem cells, including their regulation and transformation. To date, such stem cells have not been identified in Drosophila. Here, using clonal analysis and molecular marker labeling, we identify a multipotent stem-cell pool at the foregut/midgut junction in the cardia (proventriculus). We found that daughter cells migrate upward either to anterior midgut or downward to esophagus and crop. The cardia functions as a gastric valve and the anterior midgut and crop together function as a stomach in Drosophila; therefore, we named the foregut/midgut stem cells as gastric stem cells (GaSC). We further found that JAK-STAT signaling regulates GaSCs' proliferation, Wingless signaling regulates GaSCs' self-renewal, and hedgehog signaling regulates GaSCs' differentiation. The differentiation pattern and genetic control of the Drosophila GaSCs suggest the possible similarity to mouse gastric stem cells. The identification of the multipotent stem cell pool in the gastric gland in Drosophila will facilitate studies of gastric stem cell regulation and transformation in mammal.
Topics: Animals; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Differentiation; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Gastrointestinal Tract; Hedgehog Proteins; Janus Kinases; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Multipotent Stem Cells; STAT Transcription Factors; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factors; Wnt1 Protein
PubMed: 21403464
DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.7.14830 -
Avian Diseases 2001Outbreaks of an avian disease in infectious bronchitis-vaccinated chickens in China have led to the characterization of coronaviral isolates Q1, J2, and T3, which were...
Outbreaks of an avian disease in infectious bronchitis-vaccinated chickens in China have led to the characterization of coronaviral isolates Q1, J2, and T3, which were isolated from proventricular tissues of the affected young layer flocks. Serologic analysis revealed that they could induce high titers of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antibodies in inoculated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but were not neutralized by antisera specific to the IBV serotype M41 and the Australian T strain. In a pathogenicity experiment, the clinical signs and related gross lesions resembling those of field outbreaks were reproduced in SPF chickens, and viruses were reisolated from the damaged tissues, including trachea, proventriculus, duodenum, and cecal tonsil. Sequence data demonstrated the complete S1 amino acid sequences of these isolates were almost identical despite recovery from geographically different areas in China and had 47.3%-82.3% similarity in comparison with the 47 published S1 sequences. On the basis of genotyping and limited serology, the three isolates, which were responsible for field outbreaks of the disease, might be a new IBV variant.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Base Sequence; Chick Embryo; Chickens; China; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Genotype; Infectious bronchitis virus; Molecular Sequence Data; Poultry Diseases; Proventriculus; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Serologic Tests; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
PubMed: 11417821
DOI: No ID Found -
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal... Jun 2016Astaxanthin (ASX) is a xanthophyll pigment isolated from crustaceans and salmonids. Owing to its powerful antioxidant activity, ASX has been reported to have the...
Astaxanthin (ASX) is a xanthophyll pigment isolated from crustaceans and salmonids. Owing to its powerful antioxidant activity, ASX has been reported to have the potential to protect against gastric ulcers and a variety of other illnesses. Histamine (His) is a dietary factor that causes gastric erosion and ulceration in young chicks. In this study, we examined whether ASX had protective effects on dietary histamine-induced lesions in the gizzard and proventriculus of broiler chickens. Four experimental treatment groups were planned: basal diet (BD), BD+His, BD+ASX, and BD+ASX+His, with four chicks (5 days old) in each group and three replications (i.e., a total of 12 chicks per group). The BD was supplemented with either 0.4% His or 100 ppm ASX. The birds were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks, and diets contained no antimicrobial compounds. Supplementing the diet with His significantly decreased body weight gain, but increased the weights of the gizzard and proventriculus of the chicks as compared with those of chicks in the BD group (p<0.05). ASX did not affect His-dependent changes in chick body weight or weights of the gizzard and proventriculus. The loss of gastric glands in the proventriculus, which was observed in His-treated chicks, was not prevented by ASX administration. The frequency of proventricular ulceration, however, was lowered by treatment with ASX, without significant differences between the two supplementation levels. In conclusion, our data showed that ASX might be helpful for alleviating structural damage to the digestive system in poultry under certain stressful conditions.
PubMed: 26954210
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.1020 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... May 2014Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, a yeast found only at the junction between the ventriculus and proventriculus, can infect a wide range of birds. Infection is often... (Review)
Review
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, a yeast found only at the junction between the ventriculus and proventriculus, can infect a wide range of birds. Infection is often subclinical but can also result in gastrointestinal signs. Direct observation of the organism in the feces is a specific but somewhat insensitive means of diagnosis. At least three antifungal drugs are reported to be effective for treatment but resistance to one or more of these drugs may occur.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Feces; Proventriculus; Saccharomycetales
PubMed: 24767742
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2014.01.005 -
The Journal of Poultry Science Oct 2016The aim of this study was to determine whether probiotic-feeding affected the expression of cathelicidins (), a major family of antimicrobial peptides, in response to...
The aim of this study was to determine whether probiotic-feeding affected the expression of cathelicidins (), a major family of antimicrobial peptides, in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) challenge in the proventriculus and cecum of broiler chicks. One-day-old male Chunky broiler chicks were fed with or without 0.4% probiotics for 7 days (P-group and non-P-group, respectively). Then, they were orally challenged with no LPS (0-LPS), 1 g LPS (1-LPS), or 100 g LPS (100-LPS) (=5 in all groups) in Experiment 1, and with no LPS or 1 g LPS (=6 in all groups) in Experiment 2. Five hours after LPS challenge, the proventriculi and ceca were collected to analyze expression. Expression of was examined at first by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the 0-LPS chicks of non-P-group. The differences in expression upon probiotics-feeding and LPS were analyzed by real time-PCR. All four ( and ) were expressed in the proventriculus and cecum of chicks. In the proventriculus, the expression of after LPS challenge did not show significant differences between non-P and P-groups in Experiment 1 and 2. In the cecum, the interactions of the effects of probiotics and LPS on the expression of in Experiment 1 and and in Experiment 2 were significant, and their expression in 1-LPS chicks was higher in P-group than in non-P-group. However, and did not show any significant differences between non-P- and P-groups challenged with LPS. These results suggest that probiotics-feeding may stimulate the immunodefense system mediated by and possibly against infection by Gram-negative bacteria in the cecum.
PubMed: 32908397
DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0160064 -
The American Journal of Physiology Jul 1991Endocrine cells in the acid-secreting part of the avian stomach, the proventriculus, contain two forms of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) of 27 and 6 residues,...
Endocrine cells in the acid-secreting part of the avian stomach, the proventriculus, contain two forms of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) of 27 and 6 residues, respectively. We have examined the actions of exogenous GRP-27 and GRP-6 and endogenously released GRP in the control of pancreatic secretion in urethan-anesthetized turkeys. Chicken GRP-27 and the structurally related amphibian peptide bombesin were potent stimulants of fluid and protein output from the pancreas (at 6-100 pmol/kg, iv). GRP-6 had no significant effect at doses up to 1,000 times higher. A bombesin antagonist, (CH3)2-CHCO-[D-Ala24]GRP-20--26-NHCH3, inhibited the action of exogenous chicken GRP-27 but did not inhibit intravenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8). Distension of the proventriculus with a solution of peptone produced an increase in the flow of pancreatic juice and an increase in protein output, which was not reduced by atropine. The bombesin antagonist produced a reversible inhibition of this response. A CCK-gastrin antagonist, BOC-beta-Ala-Trp-Leu-Asp-O(CH2)2- phenyl(4F), which inhibited the action of exogenous CCK, had no effect on the pancreatic response to exogenous GRP-27 or to distension of the proventriculus with peptone. We suggest that protein-rich solutions in the proventriculus release GRP, which in turn acts directly on the pancreas to stimulate enzyme secretion.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Benzodiazepinones; Bombesin; Cholecystokinin; Devazepide; Gastrin-Releasing Peptide; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Oligopeptides; Pancreas; Peptides; Peptones; Proventriculus; Turkeys
PubMed: 1858884
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.1.G16