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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Feb 1980A crude extract of the proventriculus of the Japanese quail gave at least five bands of peptic activity at pH 2.2 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The main...
A crude extract of the proventriculus of the Japanese quail gave at least five bands of peptic activity at pH 2.2 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The main component, constituting about 40% of the total acid protease activity, was purified to homogeneity by hydroxyapatite and DEAE-Sepharose column chromatographies. At below pH 4.0, the pepsinogen was converted to a pepsin, which had the same electrophoretic mobility as one of the five bands of peptic activity present in the crude extract. The molecular weights of the pepsinogen and the pepsin were 40 000 and 36 000, respectively. Quail pepsin was stable in alkali up to pH 8.5. The optimal pH of the pepsin on hemoglobin was pH 3.0. The pepsin had about half the milk-clotting activity of purified porcine pepsin, but the pepsinogen itself had no activity. The hydrolytic activity of quail pepsin on N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine was about 1% of that of porcine pepsin. Among the various protease inhibitors tested, only pepstatin inhibited the proteolytic activity of the pepsin. The amino acid composition of quail pepsinogen was found to be rather similar to that of chick pepsinogen C, and these two pepsinogens possessed common antigenicity.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coturnix; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enzyme Activation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Pepsin A; Pepsinogens; Proventriculus; Species Specificity; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 6766746
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90073-x -
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Dec 2017
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Cockatoos; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Foreign Bodies; Male; Proventriculus
PubMed: 29327951
DOI: 10.1647/2017-269 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Sep 2010Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a common infectious neurologic disease of birds comprising a dilatation of the proventriculus by ingested food as a result of... (Review)
Review
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a common infectious neurologic disease of birds comprising a dilatation of the proventriculus by ingested food as a result of defects in intestinal motility, which affects more than 50 species of psittacines, and is also known as Macaw wasting disease, neuropathic ganglioneuritis, or lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis. Definitive diagnosis of PDD has been problematic due to the inconsistent distribution of lesions. Since its discovery, avian bornavirus (ABV) has been successfully cultured from the brains of psittacines diagnosed with PDD, providing a source of antigen for serologic assays and nucleic acid for molecular assays. This article provides evidence that ABV is the etiologic agent of PDD. Recent findings on the transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of ABV infection and PDD are also reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Bornaviridae; Dilatation, Pathologic; Female; Mononegavirales Infections; Proventriculus
PubMed: 20682432
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2010.05.014 -
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine :... Dec 2000
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Female; Foreign Bodies; Proventriculus; Radiography
PubMed: 11428410
DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0578:CC]2.0.CO;2 -
Journal of Insect Physiology Jul 2002The mechanisms underlying the control of solution transport rates through the proventriculus in foraging honeybees were investigated in individuals trained to collect...
The mechanisms underlying the control of solution transport rates through the proventriculus in foraging honeybees were investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. Following feeding, bees were injected either with metabolisable (glucose, fructose, trehalose), or non-metabolisable (sorbose) sugars, in order to distinguish between haemolymph osmolarity and haemolymph sugar levels as factors controlling the solution transport rates through the proventriculus. After a fixed period, workers were dissected in order to measure crop content and haemolymph sugar titers. Between feeding and dissection, the metabolic rate of every investigated forager was measured using open-flow respirometry. Bees injected with metabolisable sugars 15 min after feeding were observed to reduce their solution transport rates through the proventriculus, but injection of non-metabolisable sugars had no influence on them. This suggests that the solution transport rate through the proventriculus is controlled by the concentration of metabolisable compounds in the haemolymph, and not by the haemolymph osmolarity. A period of 10 min after injection of metabolisable sugars was enough to observe reduced solution transport rates. However, if bees were injected only 5 min after feeding, no reduced solution transport rates were observed 10 min after injection.
PubMed: 12770062
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00089-6 -
Domestic Animal Endocrinology May 2007This is a test-report of ghrelin levels in plasma and proventriculus, the glandular portion of the avian stomach, by using a specific radioimmunoassay for acylated...
This is a test-report of ghrelin levels in plasma and proventriculus, the glandular portion of the avian stomach, by using a specific radioimmunoassay for acylated ghrelin, as well as the expression of the ghrelin gene in the proventriculus after a 12-h fasting period followed by a 6-h feeding period with 6-day-old layer chicks. After fasting, the plasma ghrelin levels increased from 21.3+/-4.5 to 32.9+/-5.0 fmol/ml, but once refed it returned to the control value. After fasting, the ghrelin mRNA and the peptide levels in the proventriculus increased, and ghrelin mRNA levels remained high but once refed the ghrelin content returned to the control level. Furthermore, in order to examine the effect of increased circulating ghrelin on food intake, a bolus intravenous injection of 500 pmol of chicken ghrelin was given to 8-day-old chicks. The ghrelin injection did not cause any significant changes in food intake. These results indicate that the levels of ghrelin and its mRNA with layer chicks are altered according to the feeding state and this in a similar manner as has been observed in mammals. Unlike in mammals, an increase in circulating ghrelin does not cause the promotion of food intake in chicks.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Appetite Regulation; Chickens; Eating; Fasting; Feeding Behavior; Food Deprivation; Ghrelin; Male; Peptide Hormones; Proventriculus; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 16650710
DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.03.006 -
The Histochemical Journal May 2000The colocalization of regulatory peptide immunoreactivities in endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus at hatching has been investigated using the avidin-biotin...
The colocalization of regulatory peptide immunoreactivities in endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus at hatching has been investigated using the avidin-biotin technique in serial sections and double immunofluorescence in the same section for light microscopy, and double immunogold staining for electron microscopy. In addition to the eight immunoreactivities previously described in this organ, cells immunoreactive for peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), peptide gene product 9.5 (PGP), and the amidating enzyme, peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) were observed. All the cells immunoreactive to glucagon were also immunostained by the PHI antiserum. In addition, all the glucagon-like peptide 1, avian pancreatic polypeptide, and some of the neurotensin-like cells costored also glucagon- and PHI-immunoreactive substances. PGP- and PAM-immunoreactivities were also found in the glucagon-positive cells. A small proportion of the somatostatin-containing cells were positive for PHI but not for other regulatory peptides. These results could suggest either the existence of a very complex regulatory system or that the endocrine system of the newborn chickens is not yet fully developed.
Topics: Animals; Bombesin; Chickens; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Multienzyme Complexes; Pancreatic Polypeptide; Peptide Fragments; Peptide PHI; Protein Precursors; Proventriculus; Serotonin; Thiolester Hydrolases; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
PubMed: 10939517
DOI: 10.1023/a:1004089013077 -
The Veterinary Record Aug 1993
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bird Diseases; Gizzard, Avian; Proventriculus; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 8236692
DOI: 10.1136/vr.133.6.143 -
Basic and Applied Histochemistry 1983The endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus were investigated by selective staining techniques, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The following...
The endocrine cells of the chicken proventriculus were investigated by selective staining techniques, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The following endocrine cell types were identified: 1) Argyrophilic ECL-cells, of unknown function, were very numerous in the 21-day-old chick, but less numerous in the newborn chick; 2) somatostatin-producing D-cells; 3) GLI-cells producing glucagon-related peptides; 4) X-cells of unknown function; 5) BN-cells producing bombesin; and 6) relatively few 5-hydroxytryptamine-producing EC-cells. Each of these cell types show a distinct morphology, distribution and histochemical reactivity. With the exception of BN-cells, they resemble rather closely the corresponding endocrine cell types previously described in the oxyntic mucosa (EGL, D, X and EC cells) or in the intestinal mucosa (L-cells) of the mammalian gut.
Topics: Animals; Bombesin; Chickens; Enterochromaffin Cells; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glucagon; Histocytochemistry; Proventriculus; Serotonin; Somatostatin
PubMed: 6137207
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Insect Physiology Mar 1999Crop emptying and rectal filling rates were investigated in bees trained to collect defined amounts of sucrose solution. Crop emptying rates strongly depended on the...
Crop emptying and rectal filling rates were investigated in bees trained to collect defined amounts of sucrose solution. Crop emptying rates strongly depended on the sucrose concentration of the collected solution. There was a close match between the energy expenditure of the bees and the amount of sucrose transported through the proventriculus, irrespective of the fluid dilution. Results indicated that the controlling variable was the amount of sucrose flowing through the proventriculus rather than the volume flow. In order to distinguish between haemolymph osmolality and haemolymph carbohydrate levels as factors controlling the activity of the proventriculus, bees were injected with either metabolizable or non-metabolizable carbohydrates. Only the injection of metabolizable carbohydrates modulated the activity of the proventriculus, indicating that the titers of metabolizable carbohydrates are involved in the feedback loop controlling crop emptying, and that haemolymph osmolality alone does not influence the activity of the proventriculus.
PubMed: 12770369
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00116-4