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The Journal of Comparative Neurology Jul 1992To gain insight into the mechanisms regulating expression of transmitter phenotypes in the enteric nervous system, we have studied the development and birthdate of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
To gain insight into the mechanisms regulating expression of transmitter phenotypes in the enteric nervous system, we have studied the development and birthdate of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactive (VIP-IR) myenteric neurons in the chicken proventriculus (secretory portion of the avian stomach) by a combination of immunocytochemistry and radioautography. The appearance and numbers of VIP-IR neurons in whole mounts of the myenteric plexus from chick embryos and chickens were examined. We found that VIP-IR neurons first appeared at embryonic day (E) 5.5-6.5 in the distal part of the proventriculus. At E7.5, VIP-IR neurons were found singly, in pairs, or in small groups, which together with unlabeled cells formed primitive myenteric ganglia. VIP-IR fibers were found within the developing fiber tracts which connected the ganglia. The number of VIP-IR neurons was found to be maximum in the E15.5 embryo and to decline to 68% of maximum in the 4 week old chicken. Birthdate studies were performed by application of either single pulses or cumulative doses of [3H]-thymidine to embryos between E3 and E14. Whole mounts of the myenteric plexus from the proventriculus of these embryos were immunostained for VIP at E10 or E17. The whole mounts were subsequently sectioned and processed for radioautography. We found that VIP-IR myenteric neurons were born between E3 and E10 with a peak at E7. Most cells underwent terminal division between E5 and E9. These data will be useful in determining the time and conditions when cells make decisions about transmitter phenotypes.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Neurons; Proventriculus; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 1613141
DOI: 10.1002/cne.903210108 -
Poultry Science Jul 2017The effects of zero or 50% dietary coarsely ground corn (CC) in pelleted and screened grower and finisher diets on broilers reared on 3 bedding floor types (plastic net...
Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and 3 bedding floor types on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gizzard and proventriculus weight, and nutrient digestibility.
The effects of zero or 50% dietary coarsely ground corn (CC) in pelleted and screened grower and finisher diets on broilers reared on 3 bedding floor types (plastic net [NET], new pine wood shavings litter [NEW], or old pine wood shavings litter [OLD]) on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gizzard and proventriculus weight, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) were studied in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Fine corn was produced with a hammermill (271 μm) and CC with a roller mill (1145 μm). Utilization of CC reduced milling cost by 9.47 cents per MT with similar nutrient content of screened pellets. The 50% CC treatment exhibited improved (P ≤ 0.05) feed intake at 42 d (2.5%) and 49 d (3.0%), and BW (5.4%) and FCR from 28 d (1.4%). Birds on NEW litter exhibited improved (P < 0.05) BW at 28 and 35 d and 42 d FCR as compared to NET and 49 d FCR compared to NET and OLD. The 50% CC treatment exhibited increased (P < 0.05) gizzard weight but decreased proventriculus weight at 49 d. NEW litter birds exhibited increased (P ≤ 0.05) gizzard weight at 28 d and 49 d and decreased proventriculus weight as compared to NET at 49 days. The 50% CC treatment exhibited decreased (P ≤ 0.05) litter moisture at 35 and 42 d, litter N at 35 and 49 d, and litter pH at 49 days. OLD litter birds exhibited greater (P < 0.05) litter N at 14, 35, and 49 d, as well as litter moisture, pH, and ammonia concentration at 49 days. The 50% CC group also exhibited improved AID of nitrogen (P < 0.05). Broilers fed pelleted and screened diets containing 50% CC exhibited improved live performance and reduced litter moisture while use of NEW litter resulted in a somewhat similar effect, which indicated that consumption of NEW litter also facilitated gastric development and function.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Digestion; Floors and Floorcoverings; Gizzard, Avian; Housing, Animal; Male; Organ Size; Proventriculus; Random Allocation; Zea mays
PubMed: 28339948
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew485 -
Poultry Science Nov 1998In vitro experiments were conducted to characterize the activity and the stability of lipase from animal (crude porcine, CPL; lyophilized porcine, LPL), fungal (Rhizopus...
In vitro experiments were conducted to characterize the activity and the stability of lipase from animal (crude porcine, CPL; lyophilized porcine, LPL), fungal (Rhizopus arrhizus, RAL; Aspergillus niger, ANL), and bacterial (two Pseudomonas spp., PL1, PL2; and Chromobacterium viscosum, CVL) sources when exposed to conditions associated with the glandular stomach. Activity was measured at pH 3 to 8, 40 C and then monitored in response to temperature (40 C), time of exposure (0 and 30 min), pH (3 and 7), and pepsin level (5, 50, and 500 U/mL). All lipases except ANL and CVL had maximum activity at pH 7 to 8. The optimal pH for ANL and CVL were 5 and 6 to 8, respectively. Exposure of lipases to 40 C and pH 7 for 30 min reduced the activity of all lipases except ANL. In contrast, 40 C increased ANL activity 2.5-fold. Although activity of all lipases was reduced by exposure to pH 3, it was nearly eliminated for CPL and LPL. Pepsin concentration had only minor effects on lipase activity and then only at high concentration. The results demonstrate that bacterial lipases (PL1, PL2, and CVL) and ANL are more stable under conditions that approximate the glandular stomach and may explain why dietary porcine lipase has been ineffective in preventing fat malabsorption in previous in vivo studies.
Topics: Animals; Aspergillus niger; Chromobacterium; Dietary Fats; Enzyme Stability; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Kinetics; Lipase; Pepsin A; Poultry; Proventriculus; Pseudomonas; Rhizopus; Swine; Temperature; Triglycerides
PubMed: 9835341
DOI: 10.1093/ps/77.11.1665 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Feb 2000In the chicken proventricular mucosa, aggregations of lymphocytes were localized in three different sites of the lamina propria, namely, underneath the surface...
In the chicken proventricular mucosa, aggregations of lymphocytes were localized in three different sites of the lamina propria, namely, underneath the surface epithelium, near the duct orifice of the deep proventricular gland, and in the gland tissue itself. In the lymphoid masses underneath the surface epithelium and in those near the duct orifice, CD4+ T lymphocytes and TCR2+ T lymphocytes occupied their central part, and B lymphocytes were localized in the periphery. CD8+ T lymphocytes and TCR1+ lymphocytes were evenly distributed in the masses. Infiltration of lymphocytes into these sites was first observed on the 20th embryonic day. At 1 week after hatching, CD3+ lymphocytes began to occupy the central area of the masses and His-C1+ B lymphocytes tended to be located in the periphery. Ultrastructurally, M cells were found neither in the epithelium of the mucosa nor in that of the excretory duct close to the lymphoid masses. In the deep proventricular gland, the lymphoid masses had a germinal center consisting of B lymphocytes, surrounded by the T lymphocyte-rich periphery. These masses were first recognized at the 3rd post-hatching week, presumably being formed against possible antigens invading into the lumen of the proventricular gland. On the other hand, the lymphoid masses beneath the surface epithelium and those near the duct orifice existing before the hatching period were considered to be prepared to establish the local mucosal immune barriers against the expectant antigenic invasion.
Topics: Animals; CD3 Complex; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Chickens; Intestinal Mucosa; Lymphocyte Subsets; Lymphoid Tissue; Microscopy, Electron; Proventriculus
PubMed: 10720186
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.161 -
British Poultry Science Sep 19901. The effect of 96 hrs of water deprivation on plasma electrolytes, osmolarity, arginine vasotocin (AVT), mesotocin (MT), and on AVT and MT content in the...
1. The effect of 96 hrs of water deprivation on plasma electrolytes, osmolarity, arginine vasotocin (AVT), mesotocin (MT), and on AVT and MT content in the neurohypophysis, anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) and proventriculus, was studied at 24 hrs intervals, in adult White Leghorn cockerels. 2. Plasma AVT increased three fold during the first 24 hrs but there was no further change during the next 48 hrs. In the last 24 hrs, plasma AVT decreased in about 25%. Plasma MT did not change during the entire period of dehydration. 3. Plasma sodium and osmolarity gradually increased during that time. 4. Neurohypophysial AVT content was depleted by 95% during the period of dehydration while MT content did not change. 5. In the AHA there was no change in AVT levels during dehydration while the levels of MT increased while in the proventriculus there was no change in either AVT or MT levels. 6. For the data collected during the entire experimental period, no correlation was found between plasma osmolarity and plasma AVT, but there was a highly significant negative correlation between plasma osmolarity and neurohypophysial AVT content. 7. It may be suggested that the depletion in AVT content in the neurohypophysis during progressive water deprivation resulted in an insufficient level of AVT in circulation to enable the cockerels to counter the dehydration. This may explain the death of those cockerels which were dehydrated for a further 24 hr period.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Dehydration; Hypothalamus, Anterior; Male; Oxytocin; Pituitary Gland, Posterior; Poultry Diseases; Proventriculus; Vasotocin; Water Deprivation
PubMed: 2245357
DOI: 10.1080/00071669008417296 -
Domestic Animal Endocrinology Apr 2014Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), stimulates food intake in mammals centrally and peripherally. In contrast, central...
Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), stimulates food intake in mammals centrally and peripherally. In contrast, central injection of ghrelin inhibits feeding in neonatal chicks (Gallus gallus), which is thought to be mediated by the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) system, indicating that the mechanisms underlying ghrelin's action are different in chicks and mammals. However, the interaction between the ghrelin system and the CRH system has not been fully clarified in chicks. In the present study, we examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of CRH and urocortin-3 (UCN-3), a CRH family peptide and an endogenous ligand for the CRH type-2 receptor (CRH-R2), on synthesis and secretion of ghrelin in chicks. Intracerebroventricular injection of UCN-3 but not CRH increased plasma ghrelin concentration (P < 0.05), diencephalic mRNA expression of ghrelin, and GHS-R1a (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease ghrelin (P = 0.08) and GHS-R1a (P = 0.10) mRNA expression in the proventriculus. Moreover, ICV injection of UCN-3 tended to increase diencephalic mRNA expression of CRH-R2 (P = 0.08) and CRH had no effect on it. In addition, ICV injection of CRH but not UCN-3 increased plasma corticosterone concentration (P < 0.05) and decreased the diencephalic mRNA expression of CRH-R1 (P < 0.05). These results clearly indicate that the roles of the CRH system for the ghrelin system are divided. The present study suggests that UCN-3 is mainly involved in the ghrelin system in chicks perhaps through the CRH-R2.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cell Line; Chickens; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Cortisone; Dogs; Gene Expression Regulation; Ghrelin; Proventriculus; RNA, Messenger; Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Receptors, Ghrelin; Urocortins
PubMed: 24484650
DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.12.002 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Aug 2011Libyostrongylus dentatus and Libyostrongylus douglassii are haematophagous nematodes found in the proventriculus and the ventriculus of ostriches. Pathological damage...
Libyostrongylus dentatus and Libyostrongylus douglassii are haematophagous nematodes found in the proventriculus and the ventriculus of ostriches. Pathological damage leading to bird death has been attributed to L. douglassii. However, histopathology of the mixed infection has not been reported. The aim of the present work was to characterize the cellular inflammatory infiltrate found in the proventriculus of ostriches with a mixed infection. Analysis of the collected nematodes confirmed a mixed infection in the proventriculus of examined birds. Histopathological examination of the proventriculus showed an inflammatory infiltrate composed of granular cells in close proximity to the nematodes. The granulocyte infiltrate was composed mainly of heterophils identified by the lack of peroxidase and presence of fusiform granules.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Coinfection; Feces; Gizzard, Avian; Proventriculus; Stomach Diseases; Struthioniformes; Trichostrongyloidea; Trichostrongyloidiasis
PubMed: 21812715
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.585631 -
Wilhelm Roux's Archives of... Mar 1982The prostomium alone or the prostomium and proventriculus of reproductiveTyposyllis pulchra were periodically removed at known stages of oogenesis and the gametes were...
The prostomium alone or the prostomium and proventriculus of reproductiveTyposyllis pulchra were periodically removed at known stages of oogenesis and the gametes were examined by transmission electron microscopy. If the proventriculus and prostomium were simultaneously removed prior to day 3 of the stolonization sequence, before gonial differentiation, the time reruired for stolon formation and concomitant gametogenesis was shortened; the animals, all of which had previously reproduced as females, produced only ultrastructurally normal sperm. Spermatogenesis in these induced males began earlier in the stolonization period than in normal males. However, the cytological events of spermatogenesis were not accelerated. When the same operation was performed after differentiated oocytes were present, gamete cytodifferentiation and development time did not appear to be affected and the animals remained female. Removal of the prostomium alone, formerly thought to have no effect, caused high mortality and if removed prior to day 3 appeared to prevent both stolonization and gametogenesis. Ultrastructural investigation of these animals shows that gonads are maintained, but that gonial cells fail to differentiate or produce gametes. The subsequent removal of the proventriculus and regenerating prostomium from these animals allows them to mature as induced males. This suggests a prostomial role in regulating the endocrine activity of the proventriculus during the reproductive cycle.
PubMed: 28305092
DOI: 10.1007/BF00848444 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Mar 2014
Pathology in practice. Adenocarcinoma of the proventriculus with liver metastasis and marked, diffuse chronic-active proventriculitis and ventriculitis with moderate M. ornithogaster infection in a budgerigar.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Ascomycota; Bird Diseases; Fatal Outcome; Female; Hepatitis, Animal; Liver Neoplasms; Melopsittacus; Mycoses; Proventriculus; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 24568107
DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.6.667 -
Journal of Anatomy Oct 1963
Topics: Animals; Electrons; Gastric Juice; Histamine; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Poultry; Proventriculus; Research; Stomach
PubMed: 14064100
DOI: No ID Found