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The Journal of Psychology Jul 1992Alternate axes are explored in the orthodox formulation of drive cathexis and psychosexual development, with implications for corresponding object relation modes... (Review)
Review
Alternate axes are explored in the orthodox formulation of drive cathexis and psychosexual development, with implications for corresponding object relation modes engendered by these processes. Somatic and defensive aspects are shown to impact on the function of the "other" as the individual matures. The separation/individuation process is subsumed into this overall developmental continuum, and the centrality of the object as a focus in cathexis and drive delineation is critically evaluated. The homeostatic notion of equilibration is appealed to in synthesizing the factors emerging from the analysis.
Topics: Cathexis; Drive; Humans; Object Attachment; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychosexual Development
PubMed: 1403976
DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1992.10543376 -
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric... Jul 2004This article focuses on the psychosexual development of children and adolescents who have sex-typed behavioral patterns that correspond to the diagnosis of Gender... (Review)
Review
This article focuses on the psychosexual development of children and adolescents who have sex-typed behavioral patterns that correspond to the diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder, as defined in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The author provides an update on phenomenology and diagnosis, associated behavior problems, developmental course, biologic and psychosocial influences, and treatment and ethical issues.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Choice Behavior; Female; Functional Laterality; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Psychosexual Development; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 15183373
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.006 -
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology &... Jun 2010Psychosexual development is influenced by biological and psychosocial factors. Human beings show a great variability in psychosexual development both between and within...
Psychosexual development is influenced by biological and psychosocial factors. Human beings show a great variability in psychosexual development both between and within gender-groups. However, there are relatively stable gender-related behaviors and self-perceptions, in which males and females differ distinctly. There is strong evidence that high concentrations of androgens lead to more male-typical behavior and that this also influences gender identity. Disorders of sex development (DSD) provide the opportunity to analyze the role of different factors on psychosexual development. We examined 166 children age 4 to 12 with DSD using instruments concerning gender role behavior, gender identity, and friendship. Results underline the hypothesis, that androgens play a decisive role in the masculinization of gender role behavior in children. There are also some relations between the experience of gender change and psychosexual outcomes which have to be discussed. Nevertheless, results indicated a high congruence between the children's gender identity and gender of rearing.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Disorders of Sex Development; Female; Friends; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Psychosexual Development; Sexual Development
PubMed: 20662330
DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.095 -
Ciba Foundation SymposiumNaturally occurring endocrine syndromes and the offspring from steroid-treated pregnancies are the major sources of evidence for a role of prenatal hormones in...
Naturally occurring endocrine syndromes and the offspring from steroid-treated pregnancies are the major sources of evidence for a role of prenatal hormones in psychosexual development in man. Effects of prenatal androgens have been established for the sex-dimorphic behaviour clusters of energy expenditure (increased), parenting rehearsal (decreased), peer associations (shifted to male), and grooming-related behaviour (decreased); most of the information was obtained on the syndrome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and in progestin-induced female hermaphroditism. Studies of children and adults exposed prenatally to exogenous oestrogens and/or progestagens suggest slight demasculinizing effects but cannot yet be considered conclusive. Gender identity is largely dependent on the sex of rearing; a direct role of prenatal hormones in its formation has not been shown. The evidence for the role of prenatal hormones in the development of sexual orientation is inconclusive.
Topics: Female; Fetus; Gender Identity; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Psychosexual Development; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 256833
DOI: 10.1002/9780470720448.ch4 -
Hormones and Behavior Dec 1996Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (N = 31) and their unaffected sisters or female cousins (N = 15) participated in a study of psychosexual development. All...
Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (N = 31) and their unaffected sisters or female cousins (N = 15) participated in a study of psychosexual development. All participants were > or = 18 years of age (mean age, 25 years; range, 18-40). Comparisons were also made between the CAH women with the salt-wasting (SW) form of the disorder and those with simple virilization (SV). A psychosexual assessment protocol examined six variables: (1) sex assignment at birth (probands only); (2) recalled sex-typed behavior during childhood; (3) gender identity and gender role identification in adulthood; (4) relationship status; (5) sexual orientation in fantasy; and (6) sexual orientation in behavior. Salt-wasting status and sex assignment at birth were also ascertained for the CAH women who either refused to participate in the study (N = 10) or could not be traced (N = 13). Compared to the controls, the women with CAH recalled more cross-gender role behavior and less comfort with their sense of "femininity" during childhood. The two groups did not differ in degree of gender dysphoria in adulthood, although the probands showed more cross-gender role identification. Three of the nonparticipant probands were living, as adults, in the male social role (2 reared from birth as boys and 1 who changed from the female to the male social role during adolescence). The CAH women and the controls did not differ in relationship status (married/cohabiting vs. single). The CAH women had lower rates of exclusive heterosexual fantasy and fewer sexual experiences with men than the controls; however, the CAH women did not have more sexual experiences with women than the controls. Comparisons between the SW and SV revealed several differences: the SW were less likely to be assigned to the female sex at birth, recalled more cross-gender role behavior during childhood, were less likely to be married or cohabiting, and had lower rates of sexual experiences with men. The results were discussed in relation to the effects of prenatal androgens on psychosexual differentiation.
Topics: Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Psychosexual Development
PubMed: 9047259
DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.1996.0038 -
Journal of Projective Techniques Dec 1962
Topics: Humans; Projective Techniques; Psychosexual Development; Sex; Stuttering
PubMed: 14018802
DOI: 10.1080/08853126.1962.10381131 -
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric... Jul 2004To adequately understand the diversity of child and adolescent homoeroticism, a differential developmental trajectories perspective is proposed that integrates recent... (Review)
Review
To adequately understand the diversity of child and adolescent homoeroticism, a differential developmental trajectories perspective is proposed that integrates recent research about the development of sexual orientation, sexual behavior, and sexual identity. Only the latter two can be altered therapeutically. Biologic theories of homosexuality are reviewed. Homoerotic youth are shown to be similar and dissimilar to heterosexual youth; more variability occurs within than among sexual orientation groups. Contemporary homoerotic youth recognize their sexuality, self-label, and accept their sexuality at earlier ages than previous generations and many are rejecting traditional identity labels. Clinical recommendations offer ways to assess sexual orientation and help patients to achieve acceptance of their sexuality.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Gender Identity; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Psychosexual Development; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 15183372
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.005 -
Psychiatry Aug 1979Cognitive-developmental theory suggests that the learning of gender identity concepts is a sequential process, beginning with the learning of one's own gender, and...
Cognitive-developmental theory suggests that the learning of gender identity concepts is a sequential process, beginning with the learning of one's own gender, and moving to recognition of the invariance of gender as a human characteristic. Neither clinical nor theoretical literature can fully explain the steps involved. In this study, retarded and nonretarded children were asked to respond to tasks requiring knowledge of core gender identity and gender constancy. When both the retarded and nonretarded children were pooled, a significant interaction was found across all ages between expressive language performance and the development of the psychosexual concepts of core gender identity and gender constancy.
Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Gender Identity; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Language Development; Psychological Tests; Psychosexual Development
PubMed: 461599
DOI: 10.1080/00332747.1979.11024030 -
The Journal of the American Academy of... Oct 1976
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Father-Child Relations; Female; Freudian Theory; Gender Identity; Humans; Individuation; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mother-Child Relations; Oedipus Complex; Psychosexual Development; Self Concept; Sex Characteristics; Social Control, Informal
PubMed: 1025083
DOI: 10.1521/jaap.1.1976.4.4.515 -
Psychoanalytic Review Dec 1984
Topics: Anxiety, Castration; Breast; Cathexis; Defense Mechanisms; Drive; Female; Humans; Male; Object Attachment; Oral Stage; Postural Balance; Pregnancy; Psychosexual Development; Sadism; Sex
PubMed: 6442435
DOI: No ID Found