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Journal of Applied Physiology... Dec 2008Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) was an Arab physician who made several important contributions to the early knowledge of the pulmonary circulation. He was the first person to...
Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) was an Arab physician who made several important contributions to the early knowledge of the pulmonary circulation. He was the first person to challenge the long-held contention of the Galen School that blood could pass through the cardiac interventricular septum, and in keeping with this he believed that all the blood that reached the left ventricle passed through the lung. He also stated that there must be small communications or pores (manafidh in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein, a prediction that preceded by 400 years the discovery of the pulmonary capillaries by Marcello Malpighi. Ibn al-Nafis and another eminent physiologist of the period, Avicenna (ca. 980-1037), belong to the long period between the enormously influential school of Galen in the 2nd century, and the European scientific Renaissance in the 16th century. This is an epoch often given little attention by physiologists but is known to some historians as the Islamic Golden Age. Its importance is briefly discussed here.
Topics: History, Medieval; Islam; Physiology; Pulmonary Circulation
PubMed: 18845773
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008 -
The American Surgeon May 2008Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288) was an Arab physician who contributed much to the advancement of medical knowledge and science in the 13th century. He was involved in...
Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288) was an Arab physician who contributed much to the advancement of medical knowledge and science in the 13th century. He was involved in jurisprudence, politics, and anatomical studies as well. Although a prominent ophthalmologist by training, today he is most recognized for his discovery of the lesser or pulmonary circulation. His was the first work to contradict the accepted teachings of Galen, which had existed since the 2nd century AD. His description included the observation that the wall of the septum is not porous either grossly or macroscopically as was believed by earlier scholars. Therefore, blood from the venous circulation had to be directed through the pulmonary artery ("venous artery") through the lungs to be "mixed with air" and drained back to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary vein ("arterial vein"). This discovery would lead to a change in the historical observations that the pulmonary circulation was discovered by European scientists in the 16th century and lead many to wonder if these scientists had access to Ibn al-Nafis' translated works. Ibn al-Nafis was devout to his work and to his religion, contributing much to the body of knowledge in anatomy and medicine as well as being a prominent and exceptional physician.
Topics: Arabia; History, Medieval; Humans; Physiology; Pulmonary Circulation
PubMed: 18481505
DOI: No ID Found -
The European Respiratory Journal Feb 2012
Topics: Exercise; Humans; Posture; Pulmonary Circulation; Vascular Resistance
PubMed: 22298608
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00166211 -
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Jul 2014
Topics: Heart Ventricles; Humans; Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome; Norwood Procedures; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Circulation; Regional Blood Flow
PubMed: 24996702
DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.04.037 -
Pediatric Transplantation Sep 2015
Topics: Female; Heart Failure; Heart Transplantation; Humans; Male; Pulmonary Circulation; Vascular Resistance
PubMed: 26215796
DOI: 10.1111/petr.12560 -
Anesthesia and Analgesia Jun 2003
Review
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Cardiovascular Agents; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Pulmonary Circulation; Ventricular Function, Right
PubMed: 12760982
DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000062523.67426.0B -
European Journal of Clinical... Dec 2012Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating white cell in humans and play a crucial role in the innate immune response. Accumulation and activation of neutrophils,... (Review)
Review
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating white cell in humans and play a crucial role in the innate immune response. Accumulation and activation of neutrophils, together with delayed clearance, have been shown to be a key event in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Previously, it has been proposed that there is substantial pooling of neutrophils within the pulmonary vasculature, even under physiological conditions, making the lung especially vulnerable to neutrophil-mediated tissue injury. However, more recent evidence suggests that only primed neutrophils accumulate in the pulmonary vasculature. This article examines the evidence for these two opposing views and proposes a new two-step model for the recruitment of neutrophils into the lung. Firstly, neutrophils that become primed, by exposure to a range of inflammatory mediators or physicochemical perturbations, become shape changed and stiff because of alterations in their cytoskeleton, and as a result, accumulate within the pulmonary circulation. In the absence of further stimuli, the healthy pulmonary vasculature is able to selectively retained these primed cells, allow them to 'de-prime' and be released back into the circulation in a quiescent, state. If this pulmonary 'de-priming' mechanism fails, or a second insult occurs, such as ventilator-associated barotrauma, which causes loss of alveolar integrity, primed neutrophils migrate from the pulmonary vasculature into the interstitial space with resultant lung injury. This canonical 'two step' model highlights the importance of neutrophil priming in the genesis of lung injury and the importance of adopting strategies to minimise alveolar injury.
Topics: Acute Lung Injury; Animals; Humans; Models, Animal; Models, Biological; Neutrophil Activation; Neutrophils; Pulmonary Circulation
PubMed: 22984929
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02720.x -
L'union Medicale Du Canada Apr 1968
Topics: Homeostasis; Humans; Pulmonary Circulation
PubMed: 5676305
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Cardiology Jul 2013The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the life of the physician and theologian Michael Servetus and to discuss his analysis of the pulmonary...
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the life of the physician and theologian Michael Servetus and to discuss his analysis of the pulmonary circulation. Writers have praised Servetus for his commitment to educating his colleagues about what he heralded as the truth, and criticized him for his perceived arrogance. Servetus made contributions to the fields of geography, astrology, theology, and medicine. This paper refers to the translation of a portion of Servetus' book Christianismi Restitutio by Charles D. O'Malley.
Topics: History, 16th Century; Humans; Pulmonary Circulation; Spain; Theology
PubMed: 22748500
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.046 -
Cardiovascular Research Jan 1967
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Circulation; Pulmonary Veins
PubMed: 6060165
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/1.1.91