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Physiological Measurement Aug 2020Heart rate variability has been largely used for the assessment of cardiac autonomic activity, due to the direct relationship between cardiac rhythm and the activity of... (Review)
Review
Heart rate variability has been largely used for the assessment of cardiac autonomic activity, due to the direct relationship between cardiac rhythm and the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. In recent years, another technique, pulse rate variability, has been used for assessing heart rate variability information from pulse wave signals, especially from photoplethysmography, a non-invasive, non-intrusive, optical technique that measures the blood volume in tissue. The relationship, however, between pulse rate variability and heart rate variability is not entirely understood, and the effects of cardiovascular changes in pulse rate variability have not been thoroughly elucidated. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the applications in which pulse rate variability has been used, with a special focus on cardiovascular health, and of the studies that have compared heart rate variability and pulse rate variability is presented. It was found that the relationship between heart rate variability and pulse rate variability is not entirely understood yet, and that pulse rate variability might be influenced not only due to technical aspects but also by physiological factors that might affect the measurements obtained from pulse-to-pulse time series extracted from pulse waves. Hence, pulse rate variability must not be considered as a valid surrogate of heart rate variability in all scenarios, and care must be taken when using pulse rate variability instead of heart rate variability. Specifically, the way pulse rate variability is affected by cardiovascular changes does not necessarily reflect the same information as heart rate variability, and might contain further valuable information. More research regarding the relationship between cardiovascular changes and pulse rate variability should be performed to evaluate if pulse rate variability might be useful for the assessment of not only cardiac autonomic activity but also for the analysis of mechanical and vascular autonomic responses to these changes.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Cardiovascular System; Heart Rate; Humans; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Photoplethysmography
PubMed: 32498055
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab998c -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Pulse wave and pulse rate are important indicators of cardiovascular health. Technologies that can check the pulse by contacting the skin with optical sensors built into...
Pulse wave and pulse rate are important indicators of cardiovascular health. Technologies that can check the pulse by contacting the skin with optical sensors built into smart devices have been developed. However, this may cause inconvenience, such as foreign body sensation. Accordingly, studies have been conducted on non-contact pulse rate measurements using facial videos focused on the indoors. Moreover, since the majority of studies are conducted indoors, the error in the pulse rate measurement in outdoor environments, such as an outdoor bench, car and drone, is high. In this paper, to deal with this issue, we focus on developing a robust pulse measurement method based on facial videos taken in diverse environments. The proposed method stably detects faces by removing high-frequency components of face coordinate signals derived from fine body tremors and illumination conditions. It optimizes for extracting skin color changes by reducing illumination-caused noise using the Cg color difference component. The robust pulse wave is extracted from the Cg signal using FFT-iFFT with zero-padding. It can eliminate signal-filtering distortion effectively. We demonstrate that the proposed method relieves pulse rate measurement problems, producing 3.36, 5.81, and 6.09 bpm RMSE for an outdoor bench, driving car, and flying drone, respectively.
Topics: Heart Rate; Video Recording; Face; Videotape Recording; Heart; Algorithms; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 36502086
DOI: 10.3390/s22239373 -
JAMA Jun 2022
Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; Heart Rate
PubMed: 35763006
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.17024 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021Pulse rate variability (PRV) refers to the change in the interval between pulses in the blood volume pulse (BVP) signal acquired using photoplethysmography (PPG). PRV is...
Pulse rate variability (PRV) refers to the change in the interval between pulses in the blood volume pulse (BVP) signal acquired using photoplethysmography (PPG). PRV is an indicator of the health status of an individual's autonomic nervous system. A representative method for measuring BVP is contact PPG (CPPG). CPPG may cause discomfort to a user, because the sensor is attached to the finger for measurements. In contrast, noncontact remote PPG (RPPG) extracts BVP signals from face data using a camera without the need for a sensor. However, because the existing RPPG is a technology that extracts a single pulse rate rather than a continuous BVP signal, it is difficult to extract additional health status indicators. Therefore, in this study, PRV analysis is performed using lab-based RPPG technology that can yield continuous BVP signals. In addition, we intended to confirm that the analysis of PRV via RPPG can be performed with the same quality as analysis via CPPG. The experimental results confirmed that the temporal and frequency parameters of PRV extracted from RPPG and CPPG were similar. In terms of correlation, the PRVs of RPPG and CPPG yielded correlation coefficients between 0.98 and 1.0.
Topics: Algorithms; Autonomic Nervous System; Fingers; Heart Rate; Photoplethysmography; Pulse; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 34577448
DOI: 10.3390/s21186241 -
Annual International Conference of the... Jul 2023The worldwide adoption of telehealth services may benefit people who otherwise would not be able to access mental health support. In this paper, we present a novel...
The worldwide adoption of telehealth services may benefit people who otherwise would not be able to access mental health support. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to obtain reliable pulse and respiration signals from non-contact facial image sequence analysis. The proposed algorithm involved a skin pixel extraction method in the image processing part and signal reconstruction using the spectral information of RGB signal in the signal processing part. The algorithm was tested on 15 healthy subjects in a laboratory setting. The results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately monitor respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), and pulse rate variability (PRV) in rest conditions.Clinical Relevance- The main achievement of this study is enabling non-contact PR and RR signal extraction from facial image sequences, which has potential for future use and support for psychiatrists in telepsychiatry.
Topics: Humans; Heart Rate; Pulse; Photoplethysmography; Psychiatry; Telemedicine
PubMed: 38083147
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC40787.2023.10340913 -
Biosensors Oct 2016To achieve sensitivity, comfort, and durability in vital sign monitoring, this study explores the use of radar technologies in wearable devices. The study first detected... (Review)
Review
To achieve sensitivity, comfort, and durability in vital sign monitoring, this study explores the use of radar technologies in wearable devices. The study first detected the respiratory rates and heart rates of a subject at a one-meter distance using a self-injection-locked (SIL) radar and a conventional continuous-wave (CW) radar to compare the sensitivity versus power consumption between the two radars. Then, a pulse rate monitor was constructed based on a bistatic SIL radar architecture. This monitor uses an active antenna that is composed of a SIL oscillator (SILO) and a patch antenna. When attached to a band worn on the subject's wrist, the active antenna can monitor the pulse on the subject's wrist by modulating the SILO with the associated Doppler signal. Subsequently, the SILO's output signal is received and demodulated by a remote frequency discriminator to obtain the pulse rate information.
Topics: Heart Rate; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Pulse; Radar; Vital Signs; Wrist
PubMed: 27792176
DOI: 10.3390/bios6040054 -
Journal of Clinical Monitoring and... Oct 2021Feedback indicators can improve chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, the application of feedback indicators in the clinic...
Feedback indicators can improve chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, the application of feedback indicators in the clinic practice is rare. Pulse oximetry has been widely used and reported to correlate spontaneous circulation restoration during CPR. However, it is unclear if pulse oximetry can monitor the quality of chest compression. We hypothesized that pulse rate monitored by pulse oximetry can be used as a feedback indicator of the chest compression rate during CPR in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Seven domestic male pigs (30-35 kg) were utilized in this study. Eighteen intermittent chest compression periods of 2 min were performed on each animal. Chest compression and pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveforms were recorded simultaneously. Chest compression and pulse rates were calculated based on both waveforms. Compression interruption and synchronous pulse interruption times were also measured. Agreement was analyzed between pulse rates and synchronous chest compression rates, as well as between compression interruption times and synchronous pulse interruption times. A total of 126 compression periods of 2 min were performed on seven animals. Interclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analysis revealed reliable agreement between pulse rates and synchronous chest compression rates. Similarly, compression interruption and synchronous pulse interruption times obtained also showed high agreement. Pulse rate can be used as an alternative indicator of chest compression rate during CPR in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Pulse interruption time also can be used to reflect compression interruption time precisely in this model.
Topics: Animals; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Feedback; Heart Arrest; Heart Rate; Male; Oximetry; Swine
PubMed: 32780354
DOI: 10.1007/s10877-020-00576-x -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jun 2012The resting pulse rate appears to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. The paper reviews the scientific evidence in support of this assertion and discusses how... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The resting pulse rate appears to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. The paper reviews the scientific evidence in support of this assertion and discusses how the findings of this simple examination may be put to clinical use.
METHOD
We have evaluated the relationship between resting pulse rate, cardiovascular disease and mortality based on evidence retrieved by a search in the Medline database.
RESULTS
The resting pulse rate varies with physical fitness, and high intensity training can decrease the resting pulse. A high resting pulse rate is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, and a poorer prognosis in established cardiovascular disease. The relationship between a high resting pulse and death from cardiovascular disease can be explained by well-known pathophysiological mechanisms, but more evidence is needed. In particular, we do not know why the associations between pulse rate and health are weaker in females. Physical exercise is beneficial in prevention and often also in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. We do not yet know how much of the beneficial effects of exercise are mediated through a lowered resting pulse.
INTERPRETATION
Taking the resting pulse should form part of prophylactic health monitoring procedures the same way as the monitoring of other cardiovascular risk markers such as blood pressure, lipids, smoking status and weight. Among patients with established cardiovascular disease, the resting pulse rate is an important prognostic marker. An elevated resting pulse rate might be an incitement to recommend increased physical activity.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Exercise; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypertension; Longevity; Male; Physical Endurance; Physical Fitness; Prognosis; Rest; Risk Factors; Sex Factors
PubMed: 22717860
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.0629 -
IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 2016Human pulse rate (PR) can be estimated in several ways, including measurement instruments that directly count the PR through contact- and noncontact-based approaches.... (Review)
Review
Human pulse rate (PR) can be estimated in several ways, including measurement instruments that directly count the PR through contact- and noncontact-based approaches. Over the last decade, computer-vision-assisted noncontact-based PR estimation has evolved significantly. Such techniques can be adopted for clinical purposes to mitigate some of the limitations of contact-based techniques. However, existing vision-guided noncontact-based techniques have not been benchmarked with respect to a challenging dataset. In view of this, we present a systematic review of such techniques implemented over a uniform computing platform. We have simultaneously recorded the PR and video of 14 volunteers. Five sets of data have been recorded for every volunteer using five different experimental conditions by varying the distance from the camera and illumination condition. Pros and cons of the existing noncontact image- and video-based PR techniques have been discussed with respect to our dataset. Experimental evaluation suggests that image- or video-based PR estimation can be highly effective for nonclinical purposes, and some of these approaches are very promising toward developing clinical applications. The present review is the first in this field of contactless vision-guided PR estimation research.
Topics: Heart Rate; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 27071193
DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2016.2551778 -
Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Nov 2022The use of face masks has been associated with physiological changes in body. This study aims to know the changes in pulse rate and blood pressure components after...
BACKGROUND
The use of face masks has been associated with physiological changes in body. This study aims to know the changes in pulse rate and blood pressure components after wearing face masks during stairs climbing.
METHODS
An experimental study was conducted among 60 apparently healthy young adults between 18-35 years of age. The pulse rate and blood pressure of the participants were recorded during rest at ground floor and after climbing the stairs till 5th floor at brisk and regular pace without wearing the face masks. The uniform KN95 masks were distributed and proper coverage of nose, mouth and chin were ensured. After 5 minutes interval, the pulse rate and blood pressure were recorded again at rest in ground floor and after climbing stairs with use of KN95 masks.
RESULTS
At rest, the difference in mean pulse rate was statistically significant after wearing masks in participants between 21-25 years of age (86.46±14.59 bpm, p=0.014). After climbing the stairs, the mean pulse rate (131.16±18.48 bpm), mean systolic blood pressure (137.67±16.13 mmHg) and mean rate pressure product (182.87±41.70) were higher in participants (age group: 26-30 years) wearing masks and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.001; 0.013; 0.001respectively). During stairs climbing, the change in mean systolic blood pressure (32.66±16.73 mmHg), mean pulse pressure (43.77±24.64 mmHg) and mean rate pressure product (96.58±37.23) were higher in participants (age group: 26-30 years) and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.036; 0.047 and 0.009 respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The changes in systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and rate pressure product are found to increase after wearing face masks during stairs climbing. It can be suggestive of increase workload to the heart by wearing face masks in addition to climbing the stairs.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Adult; Blood Pressure; Heart Rate; Masks; Nepal
PubMed: 36550734
DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v20i02.3848