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Journal of Neurophysiology Jan 1985Recent studies have shown that many neurons in the basal ganglia have patterns of activity that are closely related to various parameters of active movements of the arm....
Recent studies have shown that many neurons in the basal ganglia have patterns of activity that are closely related to various parameters of active movements of the arm. The topographical distribution of these cells suggests that they are influenced by afferents from primary motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Although there is abundant evidence that information from peripheral receptors is relayed to the basal ganglia, relatively little information is available on whether neurons related to active movement are influenced by peripheral inputs. The present study was undertaken to provide information on this problem by comparing responses of putamen neurons to active and passive movements of the wrist. Two monkeys were trained to place their hand in a manipulandum and actively extend and flex their wrist against opposing torque loads. Additionally, they were trained to accept 1) passive step displacements of the wrist by the experimenter, which were comparable in amplitude, duration, and velocity to active movements, and 2) brief rapid displacements generated by a pulse of torque applied to the manipulandum by a motor. An extensive electromyographic (EMG) study was made prior to unit recording to characterize patterns of muscle activity during active and passive movements. A sample of 82 neurons was isolated in the putamen on the basis of a phasic burst of spikes associated with active movement of the wrist. Most (80%) of these cells showed directionally specific responses. The onset latency of unit firing in 91% of the cells lagged behind the onset of EMG activity in forearm agonist muscles. Phasic unit discharge during active movement increased with increasing opposing torque loads in 59% of the sample. The rate-torque curves for most of these cells were curvilinear (plateau occurred at heavy torque loads), although some cells showed a linear relationship. A comparison of these neuronal activity patterns with EMG activity-torque curves suggests that most of the cells were related to activity in forearm muscles and not to activity in proximal or axial muscles. The functional significance of these findings is interpreted in light of recent physiological and anatomic studies of the basal ganglia. A substantial proportion (44%) of the units that were related to active wrist movements showed an excitatory response during passive step displacements of the wrist in the absence of phasic EMG activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Brain Mapping; Electromyography; Macaca mulatta; Movement; Muscles; Neurons, Afferent; Putamen; Wrist
PubMed: 3973659
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1985.53.1.217 -
Journal of Biosciences Jun 2013In response to hypoxia, tissues have to implement numerous mechanisms to enhance oxygen delivery, including the activation of angiogenesis. This work investigates the...
In response to hypoxia, tissues have to implement numerous mechanisms to enhance oxygen delivery, including the activation of angiogenesis. This work investigates the angiogenic response of the hypoxic caudate putamen after several recovery times. Adult Wistar rats were submitted to acute hypoxia and analysed after 0 h, 24 h and 5 days of reoxygenation. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alfa (HIF-1 alpha) and angiogenesis-related genes including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), adrenomedullin (ADM) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF- beta 1) was determined by both RT-PCR and ELISA. For vessel labelling, lectin location and expression were analysed using histochemical and image processing techniques (fractal dimension). Expression of Hif-1 alpha, Vegf, Adm and Tgf- beta 1 mRNA rose immediately after hypoxia and this increase persisted in some cases after 5 days post-hypoxia. While VEGF and TGF-beta 1 protein levels increased parallel to mRNA expression, ADM remained unaltered. The quantification of the striatal vessel network showed a significant augmentation at 24 h of reoxygenation. These results reveal that not only short-term hypoxia, but also the subsequent reoxygenation period, up-regulate the angiogenic pathway in the rat caudate putamen as a neuroprotective mechanism to hypoxia that seeks to maintain a proper blood supply to the hypoxic tissue, thereby minimizing the adverse effects of oxygen deprivation.
Topics: Adrenomedullin; Animals; Cell Hypoxia; Gene Expression; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Lectins; Male; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Putamen; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Transcriptional Activation; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 23660671
DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9327-6 -
Neuroscience Letters Jan 1995A guinea pig antibody against a C-terminal peptide of rat mu-opioid receptor (MOR) was produced to examine the distribution of MOR in the rat caudate-putamen (CP). The...
A guinea pig antibody against a C-terminal peptide of rat mu-opioid receptor (MOR) was produced to examine the distribution of MOR in the rat caudate-putamen (CP). The anti-peptide antibody recognized a protein of M(r) 69,000 in Triton X-100 extract of rat brain and in the membrane fraction of MOR-expressing culture cells. Intense MOR-like immunoreactivity (LI) was observed in island-like areas of the CP. Some MOR-LI was located on the cell bodies and dendrites of CP neurons. Double immunofluorescence study revealed that the intensely MOR-immunoreactive areas showed weak calbindin-LI, surrounded by intensely calbindin-positive regions. The results indicate that MOR-LI is enriched in the 'patches' of the neostriatal mosaic compartmentation.
Topics: Animals; Caudate Nucleus; Immunoblotting; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons; Putamen; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Opioid, mu; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 7715834
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)11192-l -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology Jan 1996In the caudate-putamen of the rat, two subpopulations of medium aspiny neurons exist that contain somatostatin. The first subpopulation contains somatostatin 14,...
In the caudate-putamen of the rat, two subpopulations of medium aspiny neurons exist that contain somatostatin. The first subpopulation contains somatostatin 14, somatostatin 28, and somatostatin 28(1-12). The other subpopulation contains only somatostatin 28. To examine the relationship between somatostatin-containing neurons and the patch/matrix compartments, a series of double-labelling experiments using antisera directed against different somatostatin peptides and calbindin were used. Sections stained in this manner were examined with the aid of a confocal microscope. The results of these experiments indicate that somatostatin 28(1-12)-containing neurons may play a role in matrix integration, with some input directed from the patch compartment. In addition, somatostatin 28-containing neurons are more numerous in the patch compartment than somatostatin 28(1-12)-containing neurons, suggesting a possible role for these neurons in patch integration.
Topics: Animals; Calbindins; Caudate Nucleus; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Putamen; Rats; Rats, Wistar; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; Somatostatin
PubMed: 8789284
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960101)364:1<184::AID-CNE14>3.0.CO;2-Z -
Brain Research Apr 1992Sensory response properties of putamen neurons were investigated in 4 awake macaque monkeys while the animals performed GO/NO-GO tasks guided by sensory stimuli. In the...
Sensory response properties of putamen neurons were investigated in 4 awake macaque monkeys while the animals performed GO/NO-GO tasks guided by sensory stimuli. In the GO condition, visual stimuli served as a trigger for a sequence of repetitive elbow flexion-extensions and auditory stimuli served as a trigger for orofacial movements, while the identical sensory stimuli required the animals to withhold movements in the NO-GO condition. Short latency responses to visual and/or auditory stimuli were observed in 206 type I cells with tonic discharges at about 2-7 Hz, with a characteristic discharge rhythm and in 57 type II cells with low spontaneous discharge rates, usually less than 0.5 Hz, which showed burst discharges during the tasks. Most of these cells (163/206 type I cells, 52/57 type II cells) responded differentially to identical sensory stimuli presented in the GO and NO-GO conditions. The responses to sensory stimuli presented in the GO condition were much larger in 67% of type I cells and 58% of type II cells than the responses to identical stimuli presented in the NO-GO condition. On the other hand, 12% of type I and 33% of type II cells showed larger responses in the NO-GO than in the GO condition. It is suggested that the strong behavioral modulation of striatal sensory responses serves as a mechanism to start the neural processes for preparation and/or initiation or withholding of particular movements associated with learned sensory stimuli.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Arm; Brain Mapping; Conditioning, Operant; Macaca; Motor Activity; Movement; Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Putamen; Reward; Time Factors
PubMed: 1511278
DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90249-9 -
Trait impulsiveness is related to smaller post-commissural putamen volumes in males but not females.The European Journal of Neuroscience Oct 2017Impulsivity is considered a vulnerability trait for addiction. Recently, we found trait non-planning impulsiveness measured with the Karolinska Scales of Personality was...
Impulsivity is considered a vulnerability trait for addiction. Recently, we found trait non-planning impulsiveness measured with the Karolinska Scales of Personality was negatively correlated with dopamine D receptor availability in the ventral striatum of healthy humans. While also observed in rodents, human studies have failed to find this association with other measures of trait impulsivity. We explored whether another rodent finding, reduced ventral striatum volume with greater impulsivity, could also be observed in humans using this scale. Non-planning impulsiveness was measured in 52 healthy subjects (21 female; mean age: 33.06 ± 9.69) using the Karolinska Scales of Personality. Striatal subregion volumes, including the globus pallidus, were acquired using the Multiple Automatically Generated Templates (MAGeT-Brain) algorithm. Although failing to support our a priori hypothesis, there was a significant sex interaction in the post-commissural putamen with impulsiveness. Exploratory analyses revealed impulsiveness was negatively correlated with post-commissural putamen volumes in males, but positively correlated in females. We replicated this finding in males in an increased sample (including all 52 previous subjects) who provided impulsiveness measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (n = 73; 32 female; mean age: 33.48 ± 9.75). These correlations by sex were statistically different from one another, the main finding with the Kasolinksa Scales of Personality surviving correction for multiple comparisons. While impulsivity may be related to reduced ventral striatal D receptors across sexes, males but not females may show significant reductions in post-commissural putamen volume. These findings have important implications for understanding biological markers underlying sex differences in drug addiction vulnerability.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Male; Putamen; Sex Factors
PubMed: 28833754
DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13661 -
NeuroImage. Clinical 2016Previous MRI studies confirmed abnormalities in the limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic (LCSPT) network or limbic-cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (LCSTC)...
Previous MRI studies confirmed abnormalities in the limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic (LCSPT) network or limbic-cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (LCSTC) circuits in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but few studies have investigated the subcortical structural abnormalities. Therefore, we sought to determine whether focal subcortical grey matter (GM) changes might be present in MDD at an early stage. We recruited 30 first episode, untreated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 26 healthy control subjects. Voxel-based morphometry was used to evaluate cortical grey matter changes, and automated volumetric and shape analyses were used to assess volume and shape changes of the subcortical GM structures, respectively. In addition, probabilistic tractography methods were used to demonstrate the relationship between the subcortical and the cortical GM. Compared to healthy controls, MDD patients had significant volume reductions in the bilateral putamen and left thalamus (FWE-corrected, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the vertex-based shape analysis showed regionally contracted areas on the dorsolateral and ventromedial aspects of the bilateral putamen, and on the dorsal and ventral aspects of left thalamus in MDD patients (FWE-corrected, p < 0.05). Additionally, a negative correlation was found between local atrophy in the dorsal aspects of the left thalamus and clinical variables representing severity. Furthermore, probabilistic tractography demonstrated that the area of shape deformation of the bilateral putamen and left thalamus have connections with the frontal and temporal lobes, which were found to be related to major depression. Our results suggested that structural abnormalities in the putamen and thalamus might be present in the early stages of MDD, which support the role of subcortical structure in the pathophysiology of MDD. Meanwhile, the present study showed that these subcortical structural abnormalities might be the potential trait markers of MDD.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brain Mapping; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Gray Matter; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Putamen; Thalamus; Young Adult
PubMed: 27222797
DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.04.008 -
Brain Structure & Function Nov 2016Sex differences are widespread across vertebrate nervous systems. Such differences are sometimes reflected in the neural substrate via neuroanatomical differences in...
Sex differences are widespread across vertebrate nervous systems. Such differences are sometimes reflected in the neural substrate via neuroanatomical differences in brain region volume. One brain region that displays sex differences in its associated functions and pathologies is the striatum, including the caudate-putamen (dorsal striatum), nucleus accumbens core and shell (ventral striatum). The extent to which these differences can be attributed to alterations in volume is unclear. We thus tested whether the volumes of the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens core, and nucleus accumbens shell differed by region, sex, and hemisphere in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. As a positive control for detecting sex differences in brain region volume, we measured the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area (SDN-POA). As expected, SDN-POA volume was larger in males than in females. No sex differences were detected in the volumes of the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens core or shell. Nucleus accumbens core volume was larger in the right than left hemisphere across males and females. These findings complement previous reports of lateralized nucleus accumbens volume in humans, and suggest that this may possibly be driven via hemispheric differences in nucleus accumbens core volume. In contrast, striatal sex differences seem to be mediated by factors other than striatal region volume. This conclusion is presented within the context of a detailed review of studies addressing sex differences and similarities in striatal neuroanatomy.
Topics: Animals; Caudate Nucleus; Female; Male; Nucleus Accumbens; Preoptic Area; Putamen; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 26666530
DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1158-9 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Oct 1983In order to examine whether some neuroleptic drugs were specifically more potent on human limbic dopamine receptors than on striatal dopamine receptors, we tested the...
In order to examine whether some neuroleptic drugs were specifically more potent on human limbic dopamine receptors than on striatal dopamine receptors, we tested the potency of eight neuroleptics on their ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]spiperone to D2 dopamine receptors in human putamen and nucleus accumbens. Each of the neuroleptics had an identical potency in both tissues, the IC50 values being 0.2 nM for spiperone, 2.5 nM for haloperidol, 2.6 nM for trifluperidol, 5 nM for fluphenazine, 20 nM for thioridazine, 25 nM for chlorpromazine, 100 nM for metoclopramide and 300 nM for clozapine. There is no evidence, therefore, for the concept of a limbic-specific dopamine receptor antagonist.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Binding, Competitive; Haloperidol; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Limbic System; Nucleus Accumbens; Putamen; Receptors, Dopamine; Spiperone; Thioridazine
PubMed: 6140171
DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(83)90452-1 -
Brain Research. Developmental Brain... Mar 1989By combining [3H]thymidine autoradiography with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry, we have determined the generation pattern of the large cholinergic...
By combining [3H]thymidine autoradiography with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry, we have determined the generation pattern of the large cholinergic neurons in the neostriatum. All of these neurons are produced between embryonic days 12 and 17 (E12-E17), with 75% of them being born between E13 and 15. Cholinergic neurons appeared to be among the earliest cells produced in the neostriatum when compared with previous generation studies of all neurons in the rat caudate-putamen. The caudal-to-rostral neurogenic gradient reported in previous investigations of all neurons was the only spatiotemporal gradient observed for cholinergic neurons. The generation peak for these cells was E13 caudally, and E15 rostrally. Additional immunocytochemical studies detected ChAT immunoreactivity within somata and primary dendrites of 1 day postnatal (1 dpn) rat neostriatum, and subsequently demonstrated a dramatic increase in the intensity of reaction product and the complexity of dendritic arborizations by 14 dpn. Large ChAT-positive neurons of the basal forebrain contained within the same specimens appeared to differentiate their cholinergic phenotype earlier than those in the neostriatum. However, recent generation studies of basal forebrain neurons combined with the present results have demonstrated that both cholinergic populations are produced simultaneously along the same neurogenic gradients. This then represents an example of cholinergic projection (basal forebrain system) and local circuit (neostriatum) neurons that share similar generation patterns but differ with respect to sequences of transmitter phenotype expression. Thus, for cholinergic forebrain neurons, a cell's position along the neurogenic gradient and its transmitter phenotype appear to be more closely associated with its birth date than its ultimate projection or rate of differentiation.
Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Caudate Nucleus; Cell Differentiation; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Cholinergic Fibers; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Putamen; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thymidine
PubMed: 2706771
DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(89)90142-9