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Nutrients Aug 2020Magnesium deficiency may occur for several reasons, such as inadequate intake or increased gastrointestinal or renal loss. A large body of literature suggests a... (Review)
Review
Magnesium deficiency may occur for several reasons, such as inadequate intake or increased gastrointestinal or renal loss. A large body of literature suggests a relationship between magnesium deficiency and mild and moderate tension-type headaches and migraines. A number of double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials have shown that magnesium is efficacious in relieving headaches and have led to the recommendation of oral magnesium for headache relief in several national and international guidelines. Among several magnesium salts available to treat magnesium deficiency, magnesium pidolate may have high bioavailability and good penetration at the intracellular level. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular effects of magnesium deficiency in the brain and the clinical evidence supporting the use of magnesium for the treatment of headaches and migraines.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Biological Availability; Dietary Supplements; Headache; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Migraine Disorders; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 32878232
DOI: 10.3390/nu12092660 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Jul 1948
Topics: Glutamic Acid; Humans; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
PubMed: 18871243
DOI: No ID Found -
Minerva Pediatrica Oct 2020The rising incidence of allergic disease requires more specific, effective and safe therapeutic strategies. In this regard, several kinds of biologically active... (Review)
Review
The rising incidence of allergic disease requires more specific, effective and safe therapeutic strategies. In this regard, several kinds of biologically active substances, commonly known as immunostimulants, have been introduced for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases in pediatric population. Among the heterogeneous group of biologically active molecules to date available, pidotimod (Axil, Valeas S.p.A, Milan) is proved to be able to ameliorate both innate and adaptive immunity and enhances the immune system properties often impaired in patients with allergic disorders.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adolescent; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Urticaria; Dermatitis, Atopic; Desensitization, Immunologic; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Factors; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; Rhinitis, Allergic; Thiazolidines
PubMed: 32731733
DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05967-8 -
Critical Care (London, England) May 2019
Topics: Aged; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Critical Illness; Female; Glutathione; Homeostasis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidative Stress; Prospective Studies; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; Shock, Septic; Spain
PubMed: 31064383
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2454-1 -
International Journal of Toxicology 2019The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reassessed the safety of 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (PCA) and sodium PCA; the Panel added 3 previously... (Review)
Review
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reassessed the safety of 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (PCA) and sodium PCA; the Panel added 3 previously unreviewed salts (calcium, magnesium, and potassium) of PCA to this safety assessment. 2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid and its salts are reported to function in cosmetics as skin conditioning agents-humectants. The Panel reviewed the data from the 1999 report of PCA and sodium PCA, as well as additional data included in this report, to determine the safety of these ingredients. The Panel concluded that PCA and its salts are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration; additionally, these ingredients should not be used in cosmetic products in which N-nitroso compounds can be formed.
Topics: Animals; Consumer Product Safety; Cosmetics; Humans; Nitroso Compounds; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; Salts; Toxicity Tests; Toxicokinetics
PubMed: 31522652
DOI: 10.1177/1091581819856568 -
International Journal of... 2009Pidotimod (Polimod ) is a synthetic dipeptide molecule with biological and immunological activity on both the adaptive and the innate immune responses. In vitro studies,... (Review)
Review
Pidotimod (Polimod ) is a synthetic dipeptide molecule with biological and immunological activity on both the adaptive and the innate immune responses. In vitro studies, both from animal and human specimens, have documented a good activity on innate and adaptive immune responses and have been confirmed by in vivo studies. These activities have been applied in clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of pidotimod in reducing the rate of recurrent infections of the upper respiratory and urinary tracts in children. The same results were obtained in recurrent respiratory tract infections in adults. Interestingly, these effects are more evident in the setting of immune defects such as senescence, Downs syndrome, and cancer.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adult; Animals; Child; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; Recurrence; Respiratory Tract Infections; Thiazolidines; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 19505378
DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200201 -
Methods in Enzymology 1972
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Pyrrolidinones; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
PubMed: 23014405
DOI: 10.1016/S0076-6879(72)25020-0 -
Italian Journal of Pediatrics Dec 2013At the end of 1990s, acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) were called the 'forgotten pandemic', with a clear dichotomy between developing and industrialised... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
At the end of 1990s, acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) were called the 'forgotten pandemic', with a clear dichotomy between developing and industrialised countries in mortality and morbidity, the main outcomes associated with ARTIs. This definition still applies 20 years later, when the introduction of new and safe antibiotics and vaccines has certainly contributed to controlling the most life-threatening ARTIs, but has not had a major impact on viral ARTIs in paediatric age. One functional approach to preventing and treating ARTIs is non-specifically increasing the immune response or enhancing the children's innate defence mechanisms. Different kinds of biologically active substances--called immunostimulants--of natural and synthetic origins and with different mechanisms of action have been introduced in some countries for the prevention of ARTIs in children. Recently, research focused on one of these compounds, Pidotimod, has attempted to better clarify and define its mechanisms of action both in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, we critically examine the most recent findings on Pidotimod. Certainly the improvement of research methodology in the last 20 years and the acquired knowledge in various fields of clinical immunology should be the starting point for research on Pidotimod. Preclinical research will be essential to better understand the mechanisms of action of this compound. However, in vivo studies, especially randomised control trials, will be necessary to establish the real efficacy of Pidotimod in the prevention of ARTIs in paediatric age.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adaptive Immunity; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Incidence; Male; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors; Secondary Prevention; Thiazolidines; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24314100
DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-75 -
Organic Letters Mar 2016Site-specific hydrolysis of peptide bonds at glutamic acid under neutral aqueous conditions is reported. The method relies on the activation of the backbone amide chain...
Site-specific hydrolysis of peptide bonds at glutamic acid under neutral aqueous conditions is reported. The method relies on the activation of the backbone amide chain at glutamic acid by the formation of a pyroglutamyl (pGlu) imide moiety. This activation increases the susceptibility of a peptide bond toward hydrolysis. The method is highly specific and demonstrates broad substrate scope including cleavage of various bioactive peptides with unnatural amino acid residues, which are unsuitable substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Glutamic Acid; Hydrolysis; Molecular Structure; Peptides; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
PubMed: 26866465
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00317 -
Molecular Psychiatry Apr 2022One of the central aims in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is the identification of clinically relevant drug targets. A plethora of potential molecular targets work... (Review)
Review
One of the central aims in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is the identification of clinically relevant drug targets. A plethora of potential molecular targets work very well in preclinical model systems both in vitro and in vivo in AD mouse models. However, the lack of translation into clinical settings in the AD field is a challenging endeavor. Although it is long known that N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamate-modified Abeta (Aβ) peptides are abundantly present in the brain of AD patients, form stable and soluble low-molecular weight oligomers, and induce neurodegeneration in AD mouse models, their potential as drug target has not been generally accepted in the past. This situation has dramatically changed with the report that passive immunization with donanemab, an Aβ-specific antibody, cleared aymloid plaques and stabilized cognitive deficits in a group of patients with mild AD in a phase II trial. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of generation of Aβ, its biochemical properties, and the intervention points as a drug target in AD.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Plaque, Amyloid; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
PubMed: 34880449
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01409-2