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Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Jan 2023Carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) have been considered ideal building blocks for radiation-hard integrated circuits (ICs), the demand for which is...
Carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) have been considered ideal building blocks for radiation-hard integrated circuits (ICs), the demand for which is exponentially growing, especially in outer space exploration and the nuclear industry. Many studies on the radiation tolerance of CNT-based electronics have focused on the total ionizing dose (TID) effect, while few works have considered the single event effects (SEEs) and displacement damage (DD) effect, which are more difficult to measure but may be more important in practical applications. Measurements of the SEEs and DD effect of CNT FETs and ICs are first executed and then presented a comprehensive radiation effect analysis of CNT electronics. The CNT ICs without special irradiation reinforcement technology exhibit a comprehensive radiation tolerance, including a 1 × 10 MeVcm mg level of the laser-equivalent threshold linear energy transfer (LET) for SEEs, 2.8 × 10 MeV g for DD and 2 Mrad (Si) for TID, which are at least four times higher than those in conventional radiation-hardened ICs. The ultrahigh intrinsic comprehensive radiation tolerance will promote the applications of CNT ICs in high-energy solar and cosmic radiation environments.
Topics: Transistors, Electronic; Nanotubes, Carbon; Radiation Tolerance
PubMed: 36366937
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204537 -
PloS One 2016Tardigrades belong to the most radiation tolerant animals on Earth, as documented by a number of studies using both low-LET and high-LET ionizing radiation. Previous...
Tardigrades belong to the most radiation tolerant animals on Earth, as documented by a number of studies using both low-LET and high-LET ionizing radiation. Previous studies have focused on semi-terrestrial species, which are also very tolerant to desiccation. The predominant view on the reason for the high radiation tolerance among these semi-terrestrial species is that it relies on molecular mechanisms that evolved as adaptations for surviving dehydration. In this study we report the first study on radiation tolerance in a marine tardigrade, Echiniscoides sigismundi. Adult specimens in the hydrated active state were exposed to doses of gamma radiation from 100 to 5000 Gy. The results showed little effect of radiation at 100 and 500 Gy but a clear decline in activity at 1000 Gy and higher. The highest dose survived was 4000 Gy, at which ca. 8% of the tardigrades were active 7 days after irradiation. LD50 in the first 7 days after irradiation was in the range of 1100-1600 Gy. Compared to previous studies on radiation tolerance in semi-terrestrial and limnic tardigrades, Echiniscoides sigismundi seems to have a lower tolerance. However, the species still fits into the category of tardigrades that have high tolerance to both desiccation and radiation, supporting the hypothesis that radiation tolerance is a by-product of adaptive mechanisms to survive desiccation. More studies on radiation tolerance in tardigrade species adapted to permanently wet conditions, both marine and freshwater, are needed to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the patterns of radiation tolerance.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Gamma Rays; Radiation Tolerance; Tardigrada
PubMed: 27997621
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168884 -
Frontiers of Radiation Therapy and... 1989
Review
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Digestive System; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Humans; Neoplasms; Radiation Tolerance; Radiotherapy Dosage
PubMed: 2697659
DOI: 10.1159/000416590 -
Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology Feb 2023Owing to advances in radiotherapy, the physical properties of radiation can be optimized to enable individualized treatment; however, optimization is rarely based on... (Review)
Review
Owing to advances in radiotherapy, the physical properties of radiation can be optimized to enable individualized treatment; however, optimization is rarely based on biological properties and, therefore, treatments are generally planned with the assumption that all tumours respond similarly to radiation. Radiation affects multiple cellular pathways, including DNA damage, hypoxia, proliferation, stem cell phenotype and immune response. In this Review, we summarize the effect of these pathways on tumour responses to radiotherapy and the current state of research on genomic classifiers designed to exploit these variations to inform treatment decisions. We also discuss whether advances in genomics have generated evidence that could be practice changing and whether advances in genomics are now ready to be used to guide the delivery of radiotherapy alone or in combination.
Topics: Humans; Radiation Tolerance; Neoplasms; Radiation Oncology; Genomics; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 36477705
DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00709-y -
International Journal of Radiation... Apr 2017Insects are known to have higher levels of radiation tolerance than mammals. The fruit fly Drosophila provides opportunities for genetic analysis of radiation tolerance...
PURPOSE
Insects are known to have higher levels of radiation tolerance than mammals. The fruit fly Drosophila provides opportunities for genetic analysis of radiation tolerance in insects. A knowledge of stage-specific sensitivity is required to understand the mechanisms and test the existing hypothesis of insect radiation tolerance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Drosophila melanogaster were irradiated using gamma rays at different life stages. Irradiation doses were chosen to start from 100-2200 Gy with increments of 100 Gy, with a dose rate of 12.5 and 25 Gy/min. The threshold of mortality, LD and LD 1 h post-irradiation was recorded for larvae and adults and 24 h post-irradiation for eggs and after 2-3 days for early and late pupae. Total antioxidant capacity for all the life stages was measured using the phosphomolybdenum method.
RESULTS
Twenty-four hours post-irradiation, 100% mortality was recorded for eggs at 1000 Gy. One hour post irradiation 100% mortality was recorded at 1300 Gy for first instar larvae, 1700 Gy for second instar larvae, 1900 Gy for feeding third instar larvae and 2200 Gy for non-feeding third instar larvae. Post-irradiation complete failure of emergence (100% mortality) was observed at 130 Gy for early pupae and 1500 Gy for late pupae; 100% mortality was observed at 1500 Gy for adults. The values of LD were recorded as 452 Gy for eggs, 1049 Gy for first instar larvae, 1350 Gy for second instar larvae, 1265 Gy for feeding third instar larvae, 1590 Gy for non-feeding third instar larvae, 50 Gy for early pupae, 969 Gy for late pupae, 1228 Gy for adult males and 1250 Gy for adult females.
CONCLUSIONS
Early pupae were found to be prone to radiation, whereas the non-feeding third instar larvae were most resistant among all stages. The chromosome number being constant and total antioxidant capacity being nearly constant in all stages, we suggest that high rate of cell division during early pupae makes this stage sensitive to radiation.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Drosophila; Gamma Rays; Life Cycle Stages; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Tolerance; Survival Rate
PubMed: 27892758
DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1266056 -
FEMS Microbiology Letters Oct 2021Metarhizium is an important genus of soil-inhabiting fungi that are used for the biological control of insects. The efficiency of biocontrol is dependent on the...
Metarhizium is an important genus of soil-inhabiting fungi that are used for the biological control of insects. The efficiency of biocontrol is dependent on the maintenance of inoculum viability under adverse field conditions such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Therefore, increasing the tolerance of Metarhizium to UV radiation is necessary. It was previously established that, in mycelium, exposure to visible light increases tolerance to UV radiation. Similarly, growth under visible light for 14 days induces the production of tolerant conidia. However, a study evaluating if and how visible light affects conidia and their relationship with UV radiation was never performed. Here, we report that a relatively short and timed exposure to light around the time of conidiation is sufficient to induce the production of conidia with increased photoreactivating capacity and UV tolerance in Metarhizium acridum. Conidia produced by this method retain their characteristic higher tolerance even after many days of being transferred to the dark. Furthermore, we show that mature conidia of M. acridum and Metarhizium brunneum can still answer to light and regulate UV tolerance, suggesting that gene expression is possible even in dormant spores. Being able to respond to light in the dormant stages of development is certainly an advantage conferring improved environmental persistence to Metarhizium.
Topics: Metarhizium; Radiation Tolerance; Spores, Fungal; Time Factors; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 34665247
DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab133 -
International Review of Cell and... 2012The cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation makes it a popular therapeutic tool against cancer. It is, however, a double-edged sword. Radiation exposure unleashes a... (Review)
Review
The cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation makes it a popular therapeutic tool against cancer. It is, however, a double-edged sword. Radiation exposure unleashes a plethora of protective and survival mechanisms that include increased proliferation, remodeling of the vasculature and altered cell motility. These mechanisms can play a pro-survival role in remaining cells, contributing to repopulation of tumors after radiation treatment. Understanding these mechanisms and finding ways to minimize their impact would improve the outcome of radiotherapy.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Humans; Neoplasms; Radiation Tolerance; Radiation, Ionizing
PubMed: 22959305
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394310-1.00006-0 -
International Journal of Radiation... Sep 2005Tardigrades have a reputation of being extremely tolerant to extreme environmental conditions including tolerance to ionizing radiation while in a desiccated,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
Tardigrades have a reputation of being extremely tolerant to extreme environmental conditions including tolerance to ionizing radiation while in a desiccated, anhydrobiotic state. However, the evidence for radio-tolerance in tardigrades is based on only one previous report, and there is an obvious need for complementary studies. In this paper we report an investigation on radio-tolerance in desiccated and hydrated specimens of the eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Groups of 30 - 50 tardigrades were exposed to gamma-radiation at doses between 1.0 - 9.0 (anhydrobiotic animals) or 0.5 - 5.0 (hydrated animals) kGy and the animals were followed until all were dead. Radiation tolerance of both desiccated and hydrated tardigrades was studied.
RESULTS
Both desiccated and hydrated animals irradiated with 0.5 and 1 kGy did not deviate in survival from the control groups. Animals from all exposed groups underwent their moulting and egg production cycle, but at decreasing frequency for doses above 1 kGy. No eggs laid by irradiated animals hatched, while eggs laid by controls did so.
CONCLUSION
Our study suggests that radiation tolerance in tardigrades is not due to biochemical protectants connected with the desiccated state. Rather, cryptobiotic tardigrades may rely on efficient mechanisms of DNA repair, the nature of which is currently unknown.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Body Burden; Dehydration; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Gamma Rays; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Tolerance; Survival Analysis; Survival Rate; Water; Whole-Body Irradiation
PubMed: 16368643
DOI: 10.1080/09553000500368453 -
PloS One 2015Tardigrades are highly tolerant to desiccation and ionizing radiation but the mechanisms of this tolerance are not well understood. In this paper, we report studies on...
Tardigrades are highly tolerant to desiccation and ionizing radiation but the mechanisms of this tolerance are not well understood. In this paper, we report studies on dose responses of adults and eggs of the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini exposed to gamma radiation. In adults the LD50/48h for survival was estimated at ~ 4200 Gy, and doses higher than 100 Gy reduced both fertility and hatchability of laid eggs drastically. We also evaluated the effect of radiation (doses 50 Gy, 200 Gy, 500 Gy) on eggs in the early and late embryonic stage of development, and observed a reduced hatchability in the early stage, while no effect was found in the late stage of development. Survival of juveniles from irradiated eggs was highly affected by a 500 Gy dose, both in the early and the late stage. Juveniles hatched from eggs irradiated at 50 Gy and 200 Gy developed into adults and produced offspring, but their fertility was reduced compared to the controls. Finally we measured the effect of low temperature during irradiation at 4000 Gy and 4500 Gy on survival in adult tardigrades, and observed a slight delay in the expressed mortality when tardigrades were irradiated on ice. Since H. dujardini is a freshwater tardigrade with lower tolerance to desiccation compared to limno-terrestrial tardigrades, the high radiation tolerance in adults, similar to limno-terrestrial tardigrades, is unexpected and seems to challenge the idea that desiccation and radiation tolerance rely on the same molecular mechanisms. We suggest that the higher radiation tolerance in adults and late stage embryos of H. dujardini (and in other studied tardigrades) compared to early stage embryos may partly be due to limited mitotic activity, since tardigrades have a low degree of somatic cell division (eutely), and dividing cells are known to be more sensitive to radiation.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Fertility; Gamma Rays; Radiation Tolerance; Reproduction; Tardigrada; Temperature
PubMed: 26208275
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133658 -
Annals of the ICRP Oct 2018In the past few decades, it has become increasingly evident that sensitivity to ionising radiation is variable. This is true for tissue reactions (deterministic effects)... (Review)
Review
In the past few decades, it has become increasingly evident that sensitivity to ionising radiation is variable. This is true for tissue reactions (deterministic effects) after high doses of radiation, for stochastic effects following moderate and possibly low doses, and conceivably also for non-cancer effects such as cardiovascular disease, the causal pathway(s) of which are not yet fully understood. A high sensitivity to deterministic effects is not necessarily correlated with a high sensitivity to stochastic effects. The concept of individual sensitivity to high and low doses of radiation has long been supported by data from patients with certain rare hereditary conditions. However, these syndromes only affect a small proportion of the general population. More relevant to the majority of the population is the notion that some part of the genetic contribution defining radiation sensitivity may follow a polygenic model, which predicts elevated risk resulting from the inheritance of many low-penetrance risk-modulating alleles. Can the different forms of individual radiation sensitivities be inferred from the reaction of cells exposed ex vivo to ionising radiation? Can they be inferred from analyses of individual genotypes? This paper reviews current evidence from studies of late adverse tissue reactions after radiotherapy in potentially sensitive groups, including data from functional assays, candidate gene approaches, and genome-wide association studies. It focuses on studies published in 2013 or later because a comprehensive review of earlier studies was published previously in a report by the UK Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation.
Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Humans; Radiation Protection; Radiation Tolerance; Radiation, Ionizing
PubMed: 29648458
DOI: 10.1177/0146645318764091