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The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2007
Review
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Radiation Dosage; Radiologic Health; Risk; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Unnecessary Procedures
PubMed: 18046031
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra072149 -
Radiology Mar 2010There are several types of serious nuclear or radiologic emergencies that would require a specialized medical response. Four scenarios of great public health, economic,... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
There are several types of serious nuclear or radiologic emergencies that would require a specialized medical response. Four scenarios of great public health, economic, and psychologic impact are the detonation of a nuclear weapon, the meltdown of a nuclear reactor, the explosion of a large radiologic dispersal device ("dirty bomb"), or the surreptitious placement of a radiation exposure device in a public area of high population density. With any of these, medical facilities that remain functional may have to deal with large numbers of ill, wounded, and probably contaminated people. Special care and/or handling will be needed for those with trauma, blast injuries, or thermal burns as well as significant radiation exposures or contamination. In addition, radiologists, nuclear medicine specialists, and radiation oncologists will be called on to perform a number of diverse and critically important tasks, including advising political and public health leaders, interfacing with the media, managing essential resources, and, of course, providing medical care. This article describes the medical responses needed following a radiologic or nuclear incident, including the symptoms of and specific treatments for acute radiation syndrome and other early health effects.
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.09090330/-/DC1.
Topics: Decontamination; Disaster Planning; Guidelines as Topic; Health Physics; Humans; Nuclear Warfare; Nuclear Weapons; Occupational Exposure; Physician's Role; Public Health; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Monitoring; Radiation Protection; Radioactive Hazard Release; Safety Management; Terrorism
PubMed: 20177084
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.09090330 -
Chest Nov 2021Low-dose chest CT screening for lung cancer has become a standard of care in the United States, in large part because of the results of the National Lung Screening Trial...
BACKGROUND
Low-dose chest CT screening for lung cancer has become a standard of care in the United States, in large part because of the results of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). Additional evidence supporting the net benefit of low-dose chest CT screening for lung cancer, and increased experience in minimizing the potential harms, has accumulated since the prior iteration of these guidelines. Here, we update the evidence base for the benefit, harms, and implementation of low-dose chest CT screening. We use the updated evidence base to provide recommendations where the evidence allows, and statements based on experience and expert consensus where it does not.
METHODS
Approved panelists reviewed previously developed key questions using the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome format to address the benefit and harms of low-dose CT screening, and key areas of program implementation. A systematic literature review was conducted using MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library on a quarterly basis since the time of the previous guideline publication. Reference lists from relevant retrievals were searched, and additional papers were added. Retrieved references were reviewed for relevance by two panel members. The quality of the evidence was assessed for each critical or important outcome of interest using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Meta-analyses were performed when enough evidence was available. Important clinical questions were addressed based on the evidence developed from the systematic literature review. Graded recommendations and ungraded statements were drafted, voted on, and revised until consensus was reached.
RESULTS
The systematic literature review identified 75 additional studies that informed the response to the 12 key questions that were developed. Additional clinical questions were addressed resulting in seven graded recommendations and nine ungraded consensus statements.
CONCLUSIONS
Evidence suggests that low-dose CT screening for lung cancer can result in a favorable balance of benefit and harms. The selection of screen-eligible individuals, the quality of imaging and image interpretation, the management of screen-detected findings, and the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions can impact this balance.
Topics: Diagnostic Reference Levels; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Radiologic Health; Risk Assessment; Smoking Cessation; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34270968
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.06.063 -
Radiologic Technology May 2021Technological advancement has resulted in an increase in diagnostic examinations involving ionizing radiation, delivering higher doses of radiation to patients and...
Technological advancement has resulted in an increase in diagnostic examinations involving ionizing radiation, delivering higher doses of radiation to patients and health care personnel. This article focuses on radiation safety principles for radiologic technologists, with the goals of improving awareness of radiation risk, helping limit radiation dose, improving quality of radiation protection systems, and decreasing unsafe practices.
Topics: Health Personnel; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Radiation Protection; Radiation, Ionizing; Technology, Radiologic
PubMed: 33903266
DOI: No ID Found -
Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi Jan 2016
Topics: International Educational Exchange; Japan; Physics; Radiologic Health; Societies, Medical; Societies, Scientific; Thailand
PubMed: 26796939
DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2016_JSRT_72.1.106 -
Radiologic Technology 2011The effects of medical radiation exposure in childhood can last a lifetime. As more American children are exposed to repeated diagnostic imaging examinations, concerns... (Review)
Review
The effects of medical radiation exposure in childhood can last a lifetime. As more American children are exposed to repeated diagnostic imaging examinations, concerns have been raised about the potential harm from early medical irradiation. Diagnostic imaging personnel have a responsibility to ensure strict and consistent observance of the "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) principle. Radiation risks are greater for children, which makes strict compliance with radiation protection practices a public health imperative. Radiologic technologists play a central role in radiation protection for children. This Directed Reading reviews the biologic effects and risks of ionizing radiation among children and the use of radiation protection to minimize medical radiation doses in the pediatric population.
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Pediatrics; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Protection; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 21572064
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the New York Academy of... 1987Biological effects of small multiples of the natural ionizing radiation environment are addressed and attention paid to potential public health problems in nuclear... (Review)
Review
Biological effects of small multiples of the natural ionizing radiation environment are addressed and attention paid to potential public health problems in nuclear technology. Implications for the employment of radiation in the healing arts are discussed. Formidable mathematical obstacles are noted due to the fact that health effects at low-level radiation doses are generally inferred from observations at much larger doses. Practical cost-effective decision-making consistent with sound radiologic health must take into account the breadth of current scientific uncertainties.
Topics: Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced; Background Radiation; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced; Male; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Radiation Effects; Radiation Genetics
PubMed: 3310801
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37644.x -
Radiologic Technology May 2019During initial education for primary pathway certification, radiologic science professionals learn the physics of the electromagnetic spectrum, mass, and energy. They... (Review)
Review
During initial education for primary pathway certification, radiologic science professionals learn the physics of the electromagnetic spectrum, mass, and energy. They also learn the principles of x-ray production (including requisite background information in general physics), human biology, radiation biology, and radiation protection. This information can be forgotten as time lengthens from initial learning, and reviewing these topics reminds technologists of the basic premise on which the profession is founded.
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Health Physics; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiation, Ionizing; Technology, Radiologic
PubMed: 31088948
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics Jul 2021Pediatric orthopaedic patients have the potential for significant radiation exposure from the use of imaging studies, such as computed tomography and bone scintigraphy.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Pediatric orthopaedic patients have the potential for significant radiation exposure from the use of imaging studies, such as computed tomography and bone scintigraphy. With the potential for long-term treatment, such as is required for scoliosis or osteogenesis imperfecta, patients are at even greater risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
DISCUSSION
Although an association between radiation and cancer risk is evident, causation is difficult to prove because comorbidities or genetic predispositions may play a role in the higher baseline rates of malignancy later in life. Efforts have been made over the years to reduce exposure using more modern imaging techniques and simple radiation reduction strategies. Educational efforts and clinical practice guidelines are decreasing the rate of computed tomography scan use in pediatrics. Although considerable work is being done on the development of radiation-free imaging modalities, imaging that uses ionizing radiation will, in the near term, be necessary in specific circumstances to provide optimal care to pediatric orthopaedic patients.
CONCLUSION
Knowledge of the ionizing radiation exposure associated with commonly used tests as well as radiation-reduction strategies is essential for the optimal and safe care of pediatric orthopaedic patients.
Topics: Child; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Orthopedics; Pediatrics; Radiation Exposure; Radiologic Health; Risk Adjustment; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34096542
DOI: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001822 -
Radiologic Technology 2007One of radiologic technologists' most important professional obligations is protecting patients, other members of the health care team, the public and themselves from as... (Review)
Review
One of radiologic technologists' most important professional obligations is protecting patients, other members of the health care team, the public and themselves from as much radiation-related harm as possible while also maximizing the screening, diagnostic and therapeutic potential of ionizing radiation. This article reviews the different types of radiation dose and how radiation affects the body. Patient shielding, personnel dosimeters and area monitors are discussed, along with beam collimation and filtration. The author also describes protocols to protect pregnant patients and pregnant technologists.
Topics: Allied Health Personnel; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Monitoring; Radiation Protection; United States
PubMed: 17519374
DOI: No ID Found