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Behaviour Research and Therapy Mar 1993Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often doubt whether they have performed an action or merely imagined having performed it. Such doubts suggest that...
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often doubt whether they have performed an action or merely imagined having performed it. Such doubts suggest that OCD patients may have deficits in reality monitoring--the ability to distinguish memories of doing from memories of imagined doing. We compared the reality monitoring abilities of OCD checkers, OCD noncheckers and normal control Ss. Although we found no evidence of reality monitoring deficits in OCD patients, they tended to express less confidence in their memories relative to control Ss. These findings suggest that obsessional doubt may reflect deficits in memory confidence rather than deficits in memory per se.
Topics: Adult; Attention; Behavior Therapy; Female; Humans; Imagination; Male; Mental Recall; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Reality Testing
PubMed: 8476399
DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90023-n -
Psychiatria Hungarica : a Magyar... 2016In the postmodern countries the computer generated virtual reality provides new perceptual domains wherein the evaluation of real and unreal contents generates an... (Review)
Review
In the postmodern countries the computer generated virtual reality provides new perceptual domains wherein the evaluation of real and unreal contents generates an essential challenge for both children and adults. The expectances to perceive unreal content which is contradictory with the common sense experiences become seductive for most of people. The time in front of the screen that emits the magic reality gradually rises. The sudden advance in generation of alternative realities demands that we have to recall the basic principles of psychological reality testing and the involving mechanism that produces a distinction between phantasy and reality for both healthy and pathological mind. Frame of reference usually restrains the thinking. This review contains two parts, the first is focuses on the historical aspect of magical and physical reality and the second one, that will be published in a next issue, will present an evaluation of the boundary between self and another person in point of view of the psychopathological phenomenon. This analysis will focus on how the boundary of the self behaves in physically real and magic computer generated environment.
Topics: Fantasy; Humans; Magic; Mental Disorders; Reality Testing; Thinking
PubMed: 28032579
DOI: No ID Found -
Fortschritte Der Neurologie-Psychiatrie Sep 1995In this study delusion is regarded from the aspect of a phenomenology of imagination. Delusion as an experience of fictitious actualities is interpreted as the attempt... (Review)
Review
In this study delusion is regarded from the aspect of a phenomenology of imagination. Delusion as an experience of fictitious actualities is interpreted as the attempt of a psychotic person, to find a sense of existence in view of the threat by mental illness. After explaining the philosophical fundamentals, imagination is considered to be the dynamic origin of delusion and hallucinations. The discussion of psychopathological and clinical problems is followed by a demonstration of further phenomenological and hermeneutic approaches.
Topics: Delusions; Hallucinations; Humans; Imagination; Psychotic Disorders; Reality Testing
PubMed: 7590559
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-996635 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Oct 2018I-sharing, or believing one has the same in-the-moment experience as another person, constitutes a specific way in which people may share reality. I-sharing research... (Review)
Review
I-sharing, or believing one has the same in-the-moment experience as another person, constitutes a specific way in which people may share reality. I-sharing research underscores its significance for interpersonal and intergroup outcomes. I-sharing fosters liking for people who differ from us in objective and sometimes important ways, and counteracts robust tendencies to favor ingroup members and dehumanize outgroup members. Research and theory indicate that existential isolation-feeling alone in one's experience-explains the potency of I-sharing, insofar as people with high levels of existential isolation are especially drawn to those with whom they have reason to believe they I-share. Recent findings are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the clinical implications of the work.
Topics: Existentialism; Group Processes; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Reality Testing; Social Identification; Social Isolation
PubMed: 29427901
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.01.002 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Oct 2018The importance of shared reality emerges early in human development. Infants and young children notice when others share their beliefs, and information about shared... (Review)
Review
The importance of shared reality emerges early in human development. Infants and young children notice when others share their beliefs, and information about shared beliefs influences their social judgments. This article reviews recent research on the importance of shared beliefs in three domains that have been widely investigated over the past several years-opinions, moral views, and religious beliefs. I argue that shared religious beliefs appear especially influential and suggest several reasons why this might be the case, including the perceived link between religion and morality as well as the strong role that religious beliefs play in personal identity. Future research can further test these possibilities.
Topics: Attitude; Humans; Morals; Reality Testing; Religion; Social Behavior
PubMed: 29156322
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.11.002 -
The International Journal of... 1981Psychoanalytic practice has tacitly assumed the existence of an absolute and objective temporal matrix in which physical, biological and psychological processes take...
Psychoanalytic practice has tacitly assumed the existence of an absolute and objective temporal matrix in which physical, biological and psychological processes take place and to which the subjective time of the patient in therapy gets gradually attuned. But psychoanalytic thought does not demand an ontology of absolute frameworks independent of man but only an epistemology in which several visions of reality are traditional. This paper reformulates the concept of time so as to accommodate three demands which appear to be mutually exclusive. The new concept of time (1) eliminates the need for assuming that it is a feature of the world independent of man, (2) retains the advantages of the heuristic assumption that, to first approximation, there does exist an objective passage of time and (3) does not contradict the teachings of other sciences about time. Careful attention to the feeling of the uncanny as it relates to time, together with considerations of the development of the sense of time suggests that our conscious evaluation of noetic time is directed and weighted by unconscious, archaic modes of time perception. These phylogenetically old forms of the sense of reality determine the temporal character of the unconscious. The dynamics of psychic energy invested in the various levels of time seems to determine the rates at which time is experienced as passing. The feeling that time passes at right rate probably corresponds to such combination of perceived causations and temporalities which do not threaten the integrity of the ego. If, because of internal or external danger or physiological dysfunction that balance changes, so does the sense of reality and with it, the affective texture of experienced time. Judged from this perspective, the reliability of reality testing is a measure of the degree to which the patient is able to accommodate the archaic reality of primitive causations and temporalities, lodged in his fantasy, memory and dreams, and integrate them with the ambiguities of human freedom.
Topics: Dreams; Ego; Human Development; Humans; Psychoanalytic Theory; Reality Testing; Time Perception
PubMed: 7275484
DOI: No ID Found -
The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1992
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Narcissism; Neurotic Disorders; Object Attachment; Personality Development; Projection; Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Reality Testing
PubMed: 1289927
DOI: 10.1080/00797308.1992.11822669 -
Clinical Psychology Review Aug 2012The current investigation represents the first meta-analysis of the depressive realism literature. A search of this literature revealed 75 relevant studies representing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The current investigation represents the first meta-analysis of the depressive realism literature. A search of this literature revealed 75 relevant studies representing 7305 participants from across the US and Canada, as well as from England, Spain, and Israel. Results generally indicated a small overall depressive realism effect (Cohen's d=-.07). Overall, however, both dysphoric/depressed individuals (d=.14) and nondysphoric/nondepressed individuals evidenced a substantial positive bias (d=.29), with this bias being larger in nondysphoric/nondepressed individuals. Examination of potential moderator variables indicated that studies lacking an objective standard of reality (d=-.15 versus -.03, for studies possessing such a standard) and that utilize self-report measures to measure symptoms of depression (d=.16 versus -.04, for studies which utilize structured interviews) were more likely to find depressive realism effects. Methodological paradigm was also found to influence whether results consistent with depressive realism were found (d's ranged from -.09 to .14).
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Judgment; Psychological Theory; Reality Testing; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design
PubMed: 22717337
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.004 -
The International Journal of... Dec 2000The author explores the nature and development of psychic reality and draws the following conclusions: (1) psychic reality is equivalent to subjective (conscious)...
The author explores the nature and development of psychic reality and draws the following conclusions: (1) psychic reality is equivalent to subjective (conscious) awareness. (2) Psychic reality is open to unconscious influences, both as to content and motivation. Psychic reality thus is not equivalent to unconscious fantasy or transference, but can include effects of both. (3) Psychic reality can also include objective experience. (4) The capacities for internal psychic experience and knowledge of objective reality externally are modes of experiencing that develop early and achieve gradual integration through integrative play. (5) Psychic experience, and therefore psychic reality, cannot be regarded as exclusively subjective or objective, but as inherently both. The ways in which subjectivity does not preclude or exclude objectivity are discussed and related to transitional experience. (6) The inherent subjectivity of psychic experience precludes any form of direct intersubjective communication, that is, unmediated communication from subject to subject. The tensions of subjectivity and objectivity are discussed in relation to the analytic situation, in which perspectives of patient and analyst differ and reflect their respective psychic realities, each with its own validity and uncertainty and openness to unconscious needs, fantasies and motives.
Topics: Awareness; Communication; Consciousness; Humans; Motivation; Object Attachment; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Reality Testing
PubMed: 11144853
DOI: 10.1516/0020757001600453 -
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 1994Communication presumes the truth of statements. According to H. Weyl, the direct occurrence is subjective and absolute, the objective world relative, represented by... (Review)
Review
Communication presumes the truth of statements. According to H. Weyl, the direct occurrence is subjective and absolute, the objective world relative, represented by figures and symbols, after induction of a co-ordinate system into the world. Sentences shall express relations between persons, things and properties. The message of a sentence is true, if the facts of a case prove right in reality. Thomas von Aquin: "Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus." To recognize a fact the reception of both "objective" signs and "subjective" forming of models are necessary. The objective and the subjective are linked strongly in the cognition. A true sentence develops if the meaning of the signs, which derive from the facts are in harmony with those, which come from the sentence by itself. Signs have to be decoded (subjectively). The attempt of making accessible the "objective" world is done with a system of rules and methods, which is without contradiction and clear in itself. Reality can be recognized only in that manner in which language can present it. "A sentence is true, if the facts of the case, which is referred by the sentence, are true." The problem, the reference of this message by itself, was solved by Tarski, inducing the term "object language" and declaring the sentences as objects of the natural (meta-)language. There are no terms as "true" or "wrong" in the object language. K. R. Popper differentiates 3 worlds: world of reality, of subjectivity, and of objectivity. Communication results from the subjective world, she rouses up emotions and reflexes. Nevertheless objectivity remains the controlling instance for messages and imaginations of the subjective ideas. The objective ideas differ from subject ones because of the possibility of associating ideas of a certain class of constellation of signals to the reality (concrete ideas), or because they can be found in a system of rules, which enables one to associate to a constellation of signals and to control this association (abstract ideas). These ideas of the "3rd world" may be regarded as supervising instances for intersubjective communication.
Topics: Communication; Correspondence as Topic; Humans; Individuality; Psycholinguistics; Reality Testing; Speech Perception; Truth Disclosure
PubMed: 7871795
DOI: No ID Found