-
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 1994Communication presumes the truth of statements. According to H. Weyl, the direct occurrence is subjective and absolute, the objective world relative, represented by... (Review)
Review
Communication presumes the truth of statements. According to H. Weyl, the direct occurrence is subjective and absolute, the objective world relative, represented by figures and symbols, after induction of a co-ordinate system into the world. Sentences shall express relations between persons, things and properties. The message of a sentence is true, if the facts of a case prove right in reality. Thomas von Aquin: "Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus." To recognize a fact the reception of both "objective" signs and "subjective" forming of models are necessary. The objective and the subjective are linked strongly in the cognition. A true sentence develops if the meaning of the signs, which derive from the facts are in harmony with those, which come from the sentence by itself. Signs have to be decoded (subjectively). The attempt of making accessible the "objective" world is done with a system of rules and methods, which is without contradiction and clear in itself. Reality can be recognized only in that manner in which language can present it. "A sentence is true, if the facts of the case, which is referred by the sentence, are true." The problem, the reference of this message by itself, was solved by Tarski, inducing the term "object language" and declaring the sentences as objects of the natural (meta-)language. There are no terms as "true" or "wrong" in the object language. K. R. Popper differentiates 3 worlds: world of reality, of subjectivity, and of objectivity. Communication results from the subjective world, she rouses up emotions and reflexes. Nevertheless objectivity remains the controlling instance for messages and imaginations of the subjective ideas. The objective ideas differ from subject ones because of the possibility of associating ideas of a certain class of constellation of signals to the reality (concrete ideas), or because they can be found in a system of rules, which enables one to associate to a constellation of signals and to control this association (abstract ideas). These ideas of the "3rd world" may be regarded as supervising instances for intersubjective communication.
Topics: Communication; Correspondence as Topic; Humans; Individuality; Psycholinguistics; Reality Testing; Speech Perception; Truth Disclosure
PubMed: 7871795
DOI: No ID Found -
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences Jun 2020We propose that abstraction is an interpersonal process and serves a social function. Research on shared reality shows that in communication, people raise their level of...
We propose that abstraction is an interpersonal process and serves a social function. Research on shared reality shows that in communication, people raise their level of abstraction in order to create a common understanding with their communication partner, which can subsequently distort their mental representation of the object of communication. This work demonstrates that, beyond building accurate models, abstraction also functions to build accurate models but also to build socially shared models - to create a shared reality.
Topics: Brain; Communication; Comprehension; Interpersonal Relations; Reality Testing
PubMed: 32645796
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X19003212 -
Psychoanalytic Review Mar 2024Attention to the manifestations of death anxiety in the clinical context is often absent in the discourse of psychoanalytic training. This exchange addresses some of the...
Attention to the manifestations of death anxiety in the clinical context is often absent in the discourse of psychoanalytic training. This exchange addresses some of the causes of such an absence: a fraught relation between privacy and secrecy, primacy of psychic reality and interpretation, and cultural underpinnings of sanitization of death.
Topics: Humans; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Reality Testing; Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Psychoanalytic Theory
PubMed: 38551659
DOI: 10.1521/prev.2024.111.1.25 -
The Psychoanalytic Quarterly Oct 1998A detailed clinical example is used to illustrate how reality testing can create rather than foreclose opportunities for analytic investigation. It is proposed that...
A detailed clinical example is used to illustrate how reality testing can create rather than foreclose opportunities for analytic investigation. It is proposed that effective analysis of transference within the treatment relationship requires close and explicit attention to considerations of reality. The author reconsiders certain conceptions of a special psychoanalytic reality, of regression in clinical analysis, and of the nature of free association, suggesting that they tend to discourage the realism necessary to productive psychoanalytic work. He underlines the importance of ongoing reference to therapeutic outcome as an aspect of reality.
Topics: Adult; Depressive Disorder; Female; Free Association; Humans; Psychoanalysis; Reality Testing; Regression, Psychology; Transference, Psychology
PubMed: 9820892
DOI: No ID Found -
Psychological Reports Dec 1993
Topics: Defense Mechanisms; Ego; Humans; Psychotherapy; Reality Testing; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology
PubMed: 8115564
DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1993.73.3f.1122 -
The American Journal of Psychology 2014Findings in a number of neuropsychological studies involving reports of decisions to initiate spontaneous movement (e.g., Fried, Mukamel, & Kreiman, 2011; Libet,... (Review)
Review
Findings in a number of neuropsychological studies involving reports of decisions to initiate spontaneous movement (e.g., Fried, Mukamel, & Kreiman, 2011; Libet, Gleason, Wright, & Pearl, 1983; Soon, Brass, Heinze, & Haynes, 2008) are often interpreted as putting in question the reality of conscious control and, by extension, the time-honored concept of free will. I suggest that several problems with the basic paradigm used by most such studies, elaborated on in some recent articles (prominently Miller, Shepherdson, & Trevena, 2011, and Schurger, Sitt, & Dehaene, 2012), as well as some other arguments, raise doubt that conscious control is in fact a gratuitous byproduct of preconscious brain activity.
Topics: Attention; Awareness; Consciousness; Humans; Illusions; Intention; Personal Autonomy; Psychological Theory; Reality Testing
PubMed: 24934007
DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.2.0147 -
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1990The purpose of this paper is to clarify some existing misunderstandings in the area of psychotherapy, existential approach and the Eastern Tao (Zen Buddhism,... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this paper is to clarify some existing misunderstandings in the area of psychotherapy, existential approach and the Eastern Tao (Zen Buddhism, Confucianism, Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu) by showing the common elements between Eastern Tao and psychoanalysis, and existential thought. The author compared the goal of Tao practice, namely, Zen Buddhism, Confucianism etc. with that of Western psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychotherapy. He concludes that these goals are the same and that the names are different. He also compared the procedures and processes of psychoanalysis and Zen practice. Sudden enlightenment and gradual training in Zen practice were compared with insight and 'working through' in psychoanalysis. Zen emphasis on relationship, ego strength and interpretation was linked with similar topics in psychoanalysis. The results of Zen practice and the central features of every psychoanalytic treatment were examined and found the same, that is, the resolution of, or transcending of, love (dependence) and hate (hostility). The description of a mature analyst and that of a Boddhisattva were compared and found the same. A trace of neurotic motivation remains but they are not influenced by it in helping others. The problem of theory and reality was discussed and strong emphasis on reality was described; in other words, the goal is directed at reality and theory is only a means pointing at reality. If you see the reality, you should forget the theory.
Topics: Buddhism; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Existentialism; Asia, Eastern; Humans; Personality Development; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Reality Testing; Religion and Psychology
PubMed: 2290901
DOI: 10.1159/000288335 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Feb 2004No facet of human development is more crucial than becoming symbol-minded. To participate fully in any society, children have to master the symbol systems that are... (Review)
Review
No facet of human development is more crucial than becoming symbol-minded. To participate fully in any society, children have to master the symbol systems that are important in that society. Children today must learn to use more varieties of symbolic media than ever before, so it is even more important to understand the processes involved in symbolic development. Recent research has greatly expanded what we know about early symbol use. We have learned, for example, that infants initially accept a wide range of entities as potential symbols and that young children are often confused about the nature of symbol-referent relations. During the first few years of life, however, children make rapid progress towards becoming competent symbol users.
Topics: Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Learning; Reality Testing; Symbolism; Thinking
PubMed: 15588810
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.12.004 -
The International Journal of... Apr 1994To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Controversial Discussions the author has selected the interplay between phantasy and reality for further consideration. Basing...
To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Controversial Discussions the author has selected the interplay between phantasy and reality for further consideration. Basing her thinking on her reading of Klein and Freud she reviews her own contribution to symbolic forms of expression--the distinction between a symbol and a symbolic equation--which combine phantasy and reality and articulates this with the recent work of the philosopher Wollheim. She restates her argument that the early processes of symbol development and their pathological variations are analysable through an understanding of the patient's relationship to the analyst, offering as it does an opportunity to explore and analyse the influence of phantasy and reality in influencing how the patient perceives the analyst and acts towards her. This view is illustrated with material from several cases leading on to a discussion of the nature and function of phantasy, delusion formation and phantasy-testing leading to thought.
Topics: Defense Mechanisms; Fantasy; Freudian Theory; Humans; Object Attachment; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Reality Testing; Transference, Psychology
PubMed: 8063494
DOI: No ID Found -
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 1992
Topics: Clinical Competence; Humans; Optical Illusions; Reality Testing; Visual Perception
PubMed: 1498389
DOI: 10.1159/000247559