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The Behavioral and Brain Sciences Jan 2017Social Perception and Social Reality (Jussim 2012) reviews the evidence in social psychology and related fields and reaches three conclusions: (1) Although errors,... (Review)
Review
Social Perception and Social Reality (Jussim 2012) reviews the evidence in social psychology and related fields and reaches three conclusions: (1) Although errors, biases, and self-fulfilling prophecies in person perception are real, reliable, and occasionally quite powerful, on average, they tend to be weak, fragile, and fleeting. (2) Perceptions of individuals and groups tend to be at least moderately, and often highly accurate. (3) Conclusions based on the research on error, bias, and self-fulfilling prophecies routinely greatly overstate their power and pervasiveness, and consistently ignore evidence of accuracy, agreement, and rationality in social perception. The weight of the evidence - including some of the most classic research widely interpreted as testifying to the power of biased and self-fulfilling processes - is that interpersonal expectations relate to social reality primarily because they reflect rather than cause social reality. This is the case not only for teacher expectations, but also for social stereotypes, both as perceptions of groups, and as the bases of expectations regarding individuals. The time is long overdue to replace cherry-picked and unjustified stories emphasizing error, bias, the power of self-fulfilling prophecies, and the inaccuracy of stereotypes, with conclusions that more closely correspond to the full range of empirical findings, which includes multiple failed replications of classic expectancy studies, meta-analyses consistently demonstrating small or at best moderate expectancy effects, and high accuracy in social perception.
Topics: Bias; Humans; Motivation; Reality Testing; Social Perception
PubMed: 26079679
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X1500062X -
Journal of the American Academy of... Aug 1995To evaluate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, object (interpersonal) relations disturbances, and reality testing disturbances in a sample of...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, object (interpersonal) relations disturbances, and reality testing disturbances in a sample of physically and sexually abused adolescents.
METHOD
Subjects were 37 students, 16 boys and 21 girls, enrolled at a private, residential school for children with various conduct problems. Students completed several psychological tests, including the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI) and the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory.
RESULTS
Of the 37 students, 22 (59.5%) had CPTSD-RI scores in the severe and the very severe ranges. The most common object relations and reality testing disturbances were insecure attachment and uncertainty of perception, respectively. CPTSD-RI scores were positively correlated with two of the four object relations scores (insecure attachment and egocentricity) and with all three reality testing scores (reality distortion, uncertainty of perception, and hallucinations/delusions). Mean CPTSD-RI scores were higher for students whose abuse had involved sex (sexual and physical abuse, sexual abuse only) than they were for students whose abuse had been physical only. Alienation and social incompetence, the two object relations disturbances not correlated with PTSD symptom severity, were associated with having experienced abuse at an early age and having been abused by a parent or stepparent (versus a nonparent).
CONCLUSION
To address more effectively the long-term difficulties associated with child maltreatment, clinicians and clinician-investigators ought to evaluate interpersonal and reality testing disturbances, as well as PTSD symptom severity.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse, Sexual; Female; Humans; Least-Squares Analysis; Male; Object Attachment; Reality Testing; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 7665444
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199508000-00015 -
Psychosomatics 1992
Review
Topics: Arousal; Humans; Reality Testing; Sick Role; Somatoform Disorders
PubMed: 1539100
DOI: 10.1016/S0033-3182(92)72018-0 -
Psychological Medicine Aug 1990Modern reports on lycanthropy mainly concentrate on the content of patients' beliefs in being transformed into an animal. By contrast, an interest in the form of the... (Review)
Review
Modern reports on lycanthropy mainly concentrate on the content of patients' beliefs in being transformed into an animal. By contrast, an interest in the form of the symptomatology is usually minimal. This paper draws on Karl Jaspers' phenomenological views and focuses on some important albeit neglected psychopathological issues related to form which are relevant to any comprehensive consideration of lycanthropic phenomena.
Topics: Awareness; Bipolar Disorder; Delusions; Depersonalization; Humans; Magic; Reality Testing; Self Concept
PubMed: 2236372
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291700017141 -
Consciousness and Cognition Dec 1996In three experiments, we found that after a subtle suggestion, subjects falsely recognized words from their own dreams and thought they had been presented during the...
In three experiments, we found that after a subtle suggestion, subjects falsely recognized words from their own dreams and thought they had been presented during the waking state. The procedure used in these studies involved three phases. Subjects studied a list of words on Day 1. On Day 2, they received a false suggestion that some words from their previously reported dreams had been presented on the list. On Day 3, they tried to recall only what had occurred on the initial list. Subjects falsely recognized their dream words at a very high rate-sometimes as often as they accurately recognized true words. They reported that they genuinely "remembered" the dream words, as opposed to simply "knowing" that they had been previously presented. These findings, which suggest that dreams can sometimes be mistaken for reality, have significant implications for the practice of psychotherapy.
Topics: Adult; Attention; Awareness; Dreams; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Reality Testing; Suggestion; Verbal Learning
PubMed: 9063610
DOI: 10.1006/ccog.1996.0027 -
Nature Neuroscience Oct 2011
Topics: Attitude; Brain; Brain Mapping; Denial, Psychological; Female; Humans; Male; Reality Testing
PubMed: 22030541
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2960 -
The British Journal of Psychiatry.... Nov 1991
Review
Topics: Awareness; Delusions; Humans; Mood Disorders; Psychoanalytic Theory; Reality Testing; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Social Environment
PubMed: 1840788
DOI: No ID Found -
Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish... 2010Realism is described as objective evaluations and judgments about the world; however, some research indicates that judgments made by "normal" people include a... (Review)
Review
Realism is described as objective evaluations and judgments about the world; however, some research indicates that judgments made by "normal" people include a self-favored, positive bias in the perception of reality. Additionally, some studies report that compared to normal people, such cognitive distortions are less likely among depressive people. These findings gave rise to the depressive realism hypothesis. While results of several studies verify the notion that depressive people evaluate reality more objectively, other studies fail to support this hypothesis. Several causes for these inconsistent findings have been proposed, which can be characterized under 3 headings. One proposed explanation suggests that what is accepted as "realistic" in these studies is not quite objective and is in fact ambiguous. According to another perspective, the term "depressive" used in these studies is inconsistent with the criteria of scientific diagnostic methods. Another suggests that the research results can only be obtained under the specific experimental conditions. General negativity and limited processing are popular approaches used for explaining the depressive realism hypothesis. Nowadays, the debate over this hypothesis continues. The present review focuses on frequently cited research related to depressive realism and discusses the findings.
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Personality Assessment; Reality Testing; Thinking
PubMed: 20204905
DOI: No ID Found -
The International Journal of... Oct 2010
Topics: Humans; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Reality Testing
PubMed: 21495434
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-8315.2010.00294.x -
Complementary Therapies in Nursing &... Feb 2002
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Complementary Therapies; Humans; Perception; Philosophy; Reality Testing; Sociology, Medical
PubMed: 11898904
DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2001.0596