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Comprehensive Psychiatry 1996Impairments in the ability to form and maintain meaningful interpersonal relationships and in the ability to distinguish between internal and external stimuli are...
Impairments in the ability to form and maintain meaningful interpersonal relationships and in the ability to distinguish between internal and external stimuli are related to an individual's psychological health. The Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) scores of 146 methadone patients were used to evaluate whether transitory (TI) or chronic impairments (CIs) in object relations and reality testing were related to more severe drug use, family and social problems, psychological distress, as well as more time in treatment, seeking additional treatments, or taking psychiatric medication. The results showed no significant relationship between BORRTI scores and family or social problems, time in treatment, or the months of heroin use between follow-up evaluations. However, severity of drug use was related to an impairment in a specific dimension of object relations-egocentricity. There was a significant relationship between TIs and CIs in object relations and reality testing with levels of psychological distress and the likelihood of taking psychiatric medication.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Methadone; Object Attachment; Reality Testing; Substance-Related Disorders; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 8879909
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90016-4 -
Behaviour Research and Therapy Apr 2003The present study investigated general reality monitoring ability, and selective reality monitoring ability for anxiety relevant actions in a group of individuals with...
The present study investigated general reality monitoring ability, and selective reality monitoring ability for anxiety relevant actions in a group of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and a group of non-anxious controls. In addition, reality monitoring confidence was assessed, as well as specific meta-cognitive beliefs related to cognitive confidence (by means of the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ)). No differences were found between both groups in actual reality monitoring ability. Unlike previous studies, the reality monitoring task included actions that were related to the individual concerns of the OCD patients and were ideographically selected. Nevertheless, no differential reality monitoring effect was observed for the anxiety relevant stimuli. Data from the MCQ, however, revealed that OCD patients had less overall confidence in their memory for actions and their reality monitoring ability. Analysis of the confidence ratings of the reality monitoring task showed that this reduced confidence was restricted to the neutral actions. No differences were observed for patients that reported low or high frequencies of checking behaviour. The whole of these data do not support memory deficit models of OCD, but are in line with recent emphasis on the importance of memory confidence and other meta-cognitive beliefs in OCD.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Case-Control Studies; Cognition; Female; Humans; Male; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Reality Testing
PubMed: 12643963
DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00015-3 -
Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Jan 2010The paper reviews the history of the scientific understanding of the role of emotion in confabulation and delusion. I argue that the significance of emotion in the... (Review)
Review
The paper reviews the history of the scientific understanding of the role of emotion in confabulation and delusion. I argue that the significance of emotion in the pathogenesis of these symptoms was obscured by academic polarisation between psychodynamic and neurocognitive traditions and was also often obfuscated by rigid distinctions between psychogenic and neurogenic explanations. This tradition of epistemic dualism was implicitly maintained in the fields of cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychiatry. This paper focuses on memory-related confabulation following ventromedial frontal lobe lesions, awareness-related confabulation following right perisylvian lesions, and delusions of various aetiologies. Ambiguity regarding the definition and taxonomy of symptoms renders direct comparison difficult, but certain overriding principles are becoming discernible. Recent findings suggest that emotion and motivation influence both confabulation and delusion. These influences may be instigated directly by neural dysfunction or indirectly by life changes and altered social circumstances, or by a combination of these. Importantly, the rejection of epistemic dualism in the conceptualisation of both symptoms can allow us to study them in parallel and draw conclusions about the relation between cognition and emotion. Specifically, confabulation and delusion can be described as faulty attempts to balance the conflicting demands of accurate and self-serving reality representation.
Topics: Delusions; Emotions; Humans; Memory Disorders; Motivation; Reality Testing; Repression, Psychology
PubMed: 19823958
DOI: 10.1080/13546800903250949 -
Journal of Experimental Psychology.... Sep 1984Experiment 1 tested the counterintuitive prediction that memories for one's own dreams should not be particularly easy to discriminate from memories for someone else's...
Experiment 1 tested the counterintuitive prediction that memories for one's own dreams should not be particularly easy to discriminate from memories for someone else's dreams. Pairs of people reported dreams to each other that they had either dreamed, read, or made up the night before. On a test requiring subjects to discriminate events they had reported from those reported by their partner, subjects had more difficulty with real dreams than with dreams they read or made up. Experiment 2 provided evidence that real dreams do not simply produce overall weaker memories; the deficit for dreams was eliminated with more time to respond and with more detailed cues. In addition, subjects' ratings of various characteristics of their memories (e.g., vividness, personal relevance) indicated that dreams were not generally weaker or impoverished. The results are interpreted within the framework for reality monitoring described by Johnson and Raye (1981): Memories for real dreams are proposed to be deficient in conscious cognitive operations that help identify the origin of information generated in a waking state. At the same time, real dreams are embedded in a network of supporting memories that can be drawn on for reality monitoring decisions under appropriate circumstances. Finally, a comparison of recognition and recall indicated that dreams may leave persisting memories that are difficult to access via free recall.
Topics: Adult; Dreams; Ego; Fantasy; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Reality Testing
PubMed: 6237167
DOI: 10.1037//0096-3445.113.3.329 -
Journal of Consulting and Clinical... Aug 1985
Topics: Adult; Ego; Female; Humans; Male; Personality Disorders; Psychological Tests; Psychometrics; Reality Testing
PubMed: 4031206
DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.53.4.506 -
American Journal of Psychotherapy 1993This paper serves as an introduction and orientation to six articles written by renowned experts on psychotherapy with borderline patients: Adler, Meissner, Chessick,... (Review)
Review
This paper serves as an introduction and orientation to six articles written by renowned experts on psychotherapy with borderline patients: Adler, Meissner, Chessick, Giovacchini, Kernberg, and Stone. Because the articles focus most explicitly on treatment and only touch on diagnosis, a brief excursion into diagnosis is provided. A section on conceptual framework for psychotherapy is presented, helping the reader to place the different authors' approaches into a continuum of exploratory psychotherapy. Finally brief summaries of this six articles are offered.
Topics: Borderline Personality Disorder; Defense Mechanisms; Ego; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Personality Development; Psychotherapy; Reality Testing; Thinking
PubMed: 8517467
DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1993.47.2.172 -
Soins. Psychiatrie 2024Dreams can be seen as a way of letting your mind wander while you're awake, an act of imagination that occurs during sleep, or a more or less chimerical imaginary...
Dreams can be seen as a way of letting your mind wander while you're awake, an act of imagination that occurs during sleep, or a more or less chimerical imaginary representation of what you ardently hope for. In all three cases, it questions both our relationship with reality (what exists in itself) and with reality (what I perceive and understand of reality). From this point of view, dreams and madness are undeniably two experiences that radically question our access to reality.
Topics: Humans; Dreams; Imagination; Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Reality Testing
PubMed: 38719352
DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.03.005 -
The Journal of Nervous and Mental... Oct 2020
Topics: Awareness; Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Reality Testing; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Self Concept
PubMed: 33002941
DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001189 -
Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.) Jun 2005
Topics: Humans; Optometry; Perception; Reality Testing; Societies, Medical; United States
PubMed: 15984631
DOI: 10.1016/s1529-1839(05)70320-1 -
The American Journal of Nursing May 1992
Topics: Humans; Leadership; Nurses; Reality Testing; Role
PubMed: 1590346
DOI: No ID Found