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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022
Topics: Endocrine System; Endocrinology
PubMed: 36204106
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1003683 -
Advances in Physiology Education Jun 2018The purpose of this study is to see whether a large drawing of a nephron helped medical students in self-directed learning groups learn renal physiology, histology, and...
The purpose of this study is to see whether a large drawing of a nephron helped medical students in self-directed learning groups learn renal physiology, histology, and pharmacology before discussing clinical cases. The end points were the grades on the renal examination and a student survey. The classes in the fall of 2014 and 2015 used the drawing, but not those of 2012 and 2013. The Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine at Florida Atlantic University is a newly formed Florida medical school, which enrolled its first class in the fall of 2011. The school relies on self-directed problem-based learning in year 1 and changes over to a case inquiry method in the latter part of year 1 and throughout year 2. At the start of the renal course, each student group received a poster of a nephron with the objective of learning the cell functions of the different nephron parts. During the first year of using the drawing, there was no improvement in grades. After a student suggested adjustment to the drawing, there was a statistically significant difference in the total test score in the second year ( P < 0.001). An unexpected finding was lower grades in all 4 yr in the area of acid-base balance and electrolytes compared with the other four areas tested. In the survey, the students found the drawing useful.
Topics: Education, Medical; Educational Measurement; Female; Histology; Humans; Kidney; Male; Nephrons; Pharmacology; Physiology; Problem-Based Learning; Retrospective Studies; Students, Medical; Teaching; Young Adult
PubMed: 29616568
DOI: 10.1152/advan.00022.2017 -
Advances in Physiology Education Sep 2023An Australia-wide consensus was reached on seven core concepts of physiology, one of which was "structure and function" with the descriptor "Structure and function are...
An Australia-wide consensus was reached on seven core concepts of physiology, one of which was "structure and function" with the descriptor "Structure and function are intrinsically related to all levels of the organism. In all physiological systems, the structure from a microscopic level to an organ level dictates its function." As a framework for the structure and function core concept, the renal system was unpacked by a team of 5 Australian Physiology educators from different universities with extensive teaching experience into hierarchical levels, with 5 themes and 25 subthemes up to 3 levels deep. Within , the structures that comprise the renal system were unpacked. Within , the physiological processes within the nephron such as filtration, reabsorption, and secretion were unpacked. Within , the processes involved in micturition were unpacked. In , the structures and processes involved in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration were unpacked; and within , the role of the kidney in red blood cell production was unpacked. Twenty-one academics rated the difficulty and importance of each theme/subtheme, and results were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. All identified themes were validated as "essential" to "important"/"moderately important" and rated between "difficult" to "not difficult." A similar framework consisting of structure, physiological processes, physical processes, and regulation can be used to unpack other body systems. Unpacking of the body systems will provide a list of what students should be taught in curricula across Australian universities and inform assessment and learning activities. This is the first attempt to unpack and validate the "structure and function" core concept in physiology with all Australian educators. We unpacked the renal system into themes with hierarchical levels, which were validated by an experienced team of Australian physiology educators. Our unpacking of the "structure and function" core concept provides a specific framework for educators to apply this important concept in physiology education.
Topics: Humans; Australia; Curriculum; Kidney; Learning; Physiology; Universities
PubMed: 37199738
DOI: 10.1152/advan.00150.2022 -
Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 1996The availability of cloned transport molecules achieved by efforts in expression cloning has allowed their electrophysiological analysis in the Xenopus oocyte expression... (Review)
Review
The availability of cloned transport molecules achieved by efforts in expression cloning has allowed their electrophysiological analysis in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. We describe the electrogenic uptake of various substrates by their corresponding transport molecules originally expressed in brush border membranes of proximal tubules. The functional properties of the following transport molecules are discussed: the sodium-coupled glucose transporter, the sodium-coupled phosphate transporter, the sodium-coupled sulfate transporter and the sodium-independent transporter of neutral and dibasic amino acids. Additionally, functional consequences of naturally occurring disease-causing mutations in some of these transport molecules are described.
Topics: Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cell Membrane; Electrophysiology; Ion Transport; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Membrane Glycoproteins; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; Mutation; Oocytes; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins; Symporters; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 8887251
DOI: 10.1159/000174064 -
Bulletin of the New York Academy of... Jul 1965
Topics: Female; Humans; Kidney; Physiology; Pregnancy; Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 14303395
DOI: No ID Found -
Kidney International Apr 2001The skin's cleansing capacity has been known for centuries and has been used therapeutically and extensively for a great number of diseases. We studied the historical... (Review)
Review
The skin's cleansing capacity has been known for centuries and has been used therapeutically and extensively for a great number of diseases. We studied the historical evolution of the methods used for catharsis through the skin, particularly for those in renal failure, by reviewing most of the existing ancient Greek and Byzantine codices dealing with the skin's cleansing capacity. From the fragments cited in this article, it is evident that the ancient medical writers were well aware of the mechanism of perspiration, and through this process the excretion of several body toxins, they knew about renal failure as well as the influence of environmental temperature on blood purification via the skin. To validate their views, we reviewed the seasonal variation of the average values for blood urea, creatinine, and electrolytes for 161 regular dialysis treatment (RDT) patients in four dialysis units in southern Greece. The estimations were carried out during the winter/summer 1997, 1998, and 1999 terms and included three winter months and three summer months. We traced an unexpectedly large number of references in the ancient and medieval Greek medical literature concerning detoxification through the skin, mainly regarding patients in renal failure. This seasonal variation hypothesis is supported by the results of our retrospective study: there was a difference of 16 mg/dL in the average blood urea (mean winter urea 182 mg/dL, mean summer urea 166 mg/dL). We suggest that the ancients had a vivid idea about the substitution of renal function by the skin's cleansing ability in renal failure. The previously mentioned phenomenon may be due to the elimination of blood urea through excessive perspiration. Our clinical results seem to verify their notions, and hence, the skin (like the peritoneum) may be considered a natural membrane for dialysis. We were unable to trace a similar report in the literature on the seasonal fluctuation of blood urea in dialysis patients.
Topics: History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Kidney; Physiology; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 11260424
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041580.x -
Harvey Lectures 1963
Review
Topics: Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Tubules; Microchemistry; Physiology; Punctures
PubMed: 14272580
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Physiology Education Dec 2009The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical regulator of sodium balance, extracellular fluid volume, vascular resistance, and, ultimately, arterial blood pressure.... (Review)
Review
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical regulator of sodium balance, extracellular fluid volume, vascular resistance, and, ultimately, arterial blood pressure. In the kidney, angiotensin II exerts its effects to conserve salt and water through a combination of the hemodynamic control of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate and tubular epithelial cell sodium chloride and water transport mechanisms. Pharmacological inhibition of the actions of the RAS are widely used in the treatment of patients with hypertension, congestive heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary and systemic edema, diabetic nephropathy, cirrhosis of the liver, scleroderma, and migraines. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the influences of the RAS on normal renal physiology is of major importance for first-year medical students.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Physiology; Renal Circulation; Renal Insufficiency; Renin-Angiotensin System
PubMed: 19948673
DOI: 10.1152/advan.00049.2009 -
Psychosomatic Medicine 1963
Topics: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Hypertension; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney; Psychophysiology; Radiography; Renal Artery Obstruction
PubMed: 14080092
DOI: 10.1097/00006842-196311000-00003 -
Advances in Physiology Education Dec 2002Aldosterone plays a pivotal role in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis and thus control of blood pressure. The "classical" view of aldosterone action is that it targets... (Review)
Review
Aldosterone plays a pivotal role in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis and thus control of blood pressure. The "classical" view of aldosterone action is that it targets epithelia of the distal colon and renal nephron to stimulate Na(+) (re)absorption and K(+) secretion. In these cells, aldosterone binds steroid receptors, promoting translocation to the nucleus, where they modulate gene expression with the induced proteins stimulating transport. This "genomic" action is dependent on transcription and translation and has a latency of 0.5-1.0 h. Recently, more rapid actions of aldosterone that are independent of transcription and translation have been described. These "nongenomic" actions are mediated by a distinct receptor that is insensitive to inhibitors of the classical mineralocorticoid receptor, such as spironolactone. The present review describes advances in our understanding of the classical model of aldosterone action as well as those that broaden this model to encompass nongenomic actions, nonepithelial targets, production of aldosterone outside of the adrenal gland, novel mechanisms of specificity, and novel mechanisms for mediating genomic actions.
Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Genome; Humans; Models, Biological; Physiology
PubMed: 11850323
DOI: 10.1152/advan.00051.2001