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Journal of Pediatric Surgery Aug 2015To explore the evidence for viral infections triggering human biliary atresia (BA) by reviewing archival original articles that analyzed human samples via polymerase... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To explore the evidence for viral infections triggering human biliary atresia (BA) by reviewing archival original articles that analyzed human samples via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments, considering the recent experimental trend of extensive use of rotaviral BA animal models.
METHODS
A PubMed search retrieved original articles that reported the results of PCR experiments for detecting viral DNA or RNA in patient samples as proof of past infection. Search terms included the often-debated DNA or RNA viruses and BA. Special focus was directed toward PCR analyses that targeted reovirus and rotavirus, where PCR accuracy, specimen characteristics and their interpretations were compared.
RESULTS
Nineteen studies were conducted on 16 different kinds of viruses using PCR, with 5 studies on reovirus, 3 on rotavirus, 10 on cytomegalovirus, 5 on Epstein-Barr virus, 4 on parvovirus B19, and so on. Among the papers suggesting a possible viral link to only BA, there was no study on reovirus, 1 on rotavirus, 3 on cytomegalovirus, 1 on EB virus, and 1 on papillomavirus. Of the 6 PCR studies on Reoviridae, 3 on reovirus and 2 on rotavirus were evaluated rigorously for experimental accuracy, including their sensitivity. Two research groups analyzed preoperative stool samples in addition to generic hepatobiliary tissue obtained at surgery. Sample collection timing varied widely, with storage period prior to PCR experimentation not revealed in most reports on Reoviridae.
CONCLUSION
Although a considerable number of PCR studies have sought to clarify a viral role in the pathogenesis of BA using human samples, the findings have been contradictory and have not succeeded in achieving an obvious differentiation between causative and accidental infection of the focused virus. Reproducible and convincing evidence for a causative Reoviridae infection has been lacking based on objective data from highly sensitive PCR experiments. Even though the possibility remains of viral disappearance at the timing of collection, to avoid further ambiguous interpretations of PCR results, rigorous and meticulous collection of large numbers of specimens at carefully planned timing, along with a strictly adjusted and finely tuned PCR system, is strongly recommended for obtaining more reliable and consistent results.
Topics: Biliary Atresia; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reoviridae Infections; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 25979202
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.04.006 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Sep 1980
Topics: Aged; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Male; Reoviridae Infections; Rotavirus
PubMed: 6253532
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.33.9.905-c -
Current Opinion in Virology Aug 2019Enteric viruses infect the mammalian gastrointestinal tract which is home to a diverse community of intestinal bacteria. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain... (Review)
Review
Enteric viruses infect the mammalian gastrointestinal tract which is home to a diverse community of intestinal bacteria. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain enteric viruses utilize these bacteria to promote infection. While this is not surprising considering their proximity, multiple viruses from different viral families have been shown to bind directly to bacteria or bacterial components to aid in viral replication, pathogenesis, and transmission. These data suggest that the concept of a single virus infecting a single cell, independent of the environment, needs to be reevaluated. In this review, I will discuss the current knowledge of enteric virus-bacterial interactions and discuss the implications for viral pathogenesis and transmission.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Tract; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Picornaviridae; Picornaviridae Infections; Reoviridae; Reoviridae Infections; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections; Virus Diseases; Virus Replication; Viruses
PubMed: 31284078
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.002 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2005Reovirus infection has proven to be an excellent experimental system for studying mechanisms of virus-induced pathogenesis. Reoviruses induce apoptosis in a wide variety... (Review)
Review
Reovirus infection has proven to be an excellent experimental system for studying mechanisms of virus-induced pathogenesis. Reoviruses induce apoptosis in a wide variety of cultured cells in vitro and in target tissues in vivo, including the heart and central nervous system. In vivo, viral infection, tissue injury, and apoptosis colocalize, suggesting that apoptosis is a critical mechanism by which disease is triggered in the host. This review examines the mechanisms of reovirus-induced apoptosis and investigates the possibility that inhibition of apoptosis may provide a novel strategy for limiting virus-induced tissue damage following infection.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Myocarditis; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Reoviridae Infections
PubMed: 15791949
DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27320-4_1 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2015Summary Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an arthropod-transmitted viral disease of certain wild ungulates, notably North American white-tailed deer and, more... (Review)
Review
Summary Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an arthropod-transmitted viral disease of certain wild ungulates, notably North American white-tailed deer and, more rarely, cattle. The disease in white-tailed deer results from vascular injury analogous to that caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), to which EHD virus (EHDV) is closely related. There are seven serotypes of EHDV recognised, and Ibaraki virus, which is the cause of sporadic disease outbreaks in cattle in Asia, is included in EHDV serotype 2. The global distribution and epidemiology of BTV and EHDV infections are also similar, as both viruses occur throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world where they are transmitted by biting Culicoides midges and infect a wide variety of domestic and wild ungulates. However, the global distribution and epidemiology of EHDV infection are less well characterised than they are for BTV. Whereas most natural and experimental EHDV infections (other than Ibaraki virus infection) of livestock are subclinical or asymptomatic, outbreaks of EHD have recently been reported among cattle in the Mediterranean Basin, Reunion Island, South Africa, and the United States. Accurate and convenient laboratory tests are increasingly available for the sensitive and specific serological and virological diagnosis of EHDV infection and confirmation of EHD in animals, but commercial vaccines are available only for prevention of Ibaraki disease and not for protection against other strains and serotypes of EHDV.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Disease Outbreaks; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Reoviridae Infections
PubMed: 26601439
DOI: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2361 -
Virology Jan 2018Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emerging bat-borne human pathogen causing severe respiratory illness. To date, however, the evaluation of PRV virulence has largely...
Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emerging bat-borne human pathogen causing severe respiratory illness. To date, however, the evaluation of PRV virulence has largely depended on the limited numbers of clinical cases owing to the lack of animal models. To develop an in vivo model of PRV infection, an inbred C3H mouse strain was infected intranasally with pathogenic PRV strain Miyazaki-Bali/2007. C3H mice suffered severe lung infection with significant body weight reduction and died within 7 days after intranasal infection. Infectious viruses were isolated mainly from the lungs and trachea. Histopathological examination revealed interstitial pneumonia with monocytes infiltration. Following repeated intranasal infection, mice developed antibodies to particular structural and non-structural proteins of PRV. The results of these immunological assays will help to develop laboratory protocols for sero-epidemiological studies. Our small rodent model of lethal respiratory infection will further allow investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the high pathogenicity of PRV.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Lung; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Orthoreovirus; Reoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 29128757
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.021 -
BioMed Research International 2014Autophagy participates in multiple fundamental physiological processes, including survival, differentiation, development, and cellular homeostasis. It eliminates... (Review)
Review
Autophagy participates in multiple fundamental physiological processes, including survival, differentiation, development, and cellular homeostasis. It eliminates cytoplasmic protein aggregates and damaged organelles by triggering a series of events: sequestering the protein substrates into double-membrane vesicles, fusing the vesicles with lysosomes, and then degrading the autophagic contents. This degradation pathway is also involved in various disorders, for instance, cancers and infectious diseases. This paper provides an overview of modulation of autophagy in the course of reovirus infection and also the interplay of autophagy and reovirus.
Topics: Autophagy; Humans; Lysosomes; Protein Aggregation, Pathological; Reoviridae; Reoviridae Infections
PubMed: 24711994
DOI: 10.1155/2014/483657 -
Lancet (London, England) May 1982
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Reoviridae Infections; Rotavirus
PubMed: 6122872
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92123-7 -
Journal of Fish Diseases Sep 2020Piscine orthoreovirus infects various salmonid fish species, and the infection is associated with diseases such as heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in...
Piscine orthoreovirus infects various salmonid fish species, and the infection is associated with diseases such as heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). There are no vaccines available or genetically selected resistant hosts that can efficiently control piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infection. Currently, the only prophylactic measure against PRV is general biosecurity measures aiming to break the transmission cycle. Methods to eradicate infectious virus from contaminated facilities are desirable, but the knowledge on how to inactivate PRV is lacking. A major bottleneck for inactivation studies is the lack of ability to propagate PRV in cell culture. Therefore, in this study we developed an in vivo model for detection of infectious PRV particles after treatment of the virus with inactivation tools such as heat, pH, iodine, UV and commercially available disinfectants. The results show that standard iodine treatment is efficient in inactivation of the virus, and similarly are high and low pH extremes and treatment with Virocid, a commercially available disinfectant. A UV dose of at least 50 mJ/cm is required for inactivation, and the virus has high resistance against heat treatment.
Topics: Animals; Disinfectants; Fish Diseases; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Orthoreovirus; Reoviridae Infections; Salmo salar; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 32632958
DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13214 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2000Avian reoviruses are ubiquitous among poultry flocks. Although infection is usually present without disease, reoviruses may occasionally be involved in several disease... (Review)
Review
Avian reoviruses are ubiquitous among poultry flocks. Although infection is usually present without disease, reoviruses may occasionally be involved in several disease syndromes of which viral arthritis/tenosynovitis in chickens is the most important, particularly in broiler breeds. While reoviruses have been isolated from turkeys and several other species of birds with various conditions, the presence of the virus has been conclusively linked with disease in relatively few instances. In chickens in particular, avian reoviruses with a wide spectrum of pathogenic capability have been isolated and several antigenic types exist. Diagnosis is dependent on the detection of the virus in clinical samples, although the presence of the virus does not necessarily confirm that this is the cause of the disease, except where reoviruses are detected in affected joints. Serological tests are usually difficult to interpret in view of widespread and frequently harmless reovirus infection. The principal approach to control of viral arthritis/tenosynovitis is by vaccination using attenuated vaccines in young birds, followed by inactivated preparations for breeders intended to protect chicks by maternal antibodies. Many vaccines are based on the S1133 strain isolated in the United States of America, but these may not be effective against antigenic variants.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Infectious; Orthoreovirus, Avian; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Reoviridae Infections; Tenosynovitis
PubMed: 10935283
DOI: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1237