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The Journal of General Virology Apr 2021The identification of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in Malayan pangolins () has focused attention on these endangered animals and the viruses they carry. We successfully...
The identification of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in Malayan pangolins () has focused attention on these endangered animals and the viruses they carry. We successfully isolated a novel respirovirus from the lungs of a dead Malayan pangolin. Similar to murine respirovirus, the full-length genome of this novel virus was 15 384 nucleotides comprising six genes in the order 3'-(leader)-NP-P-M-F-HN-l-(trailer)-5'. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus belongs to the genus and is most closely related to murine respirovirus. Notably, animal infection experiments indicated that the pangolin virus is highly pathogenic and transmissible in mice, with inoculated mice having variable clinical symptoms and a fatality rate of 70.37 %. The virus was found to replicate in most tissues with the exception of muscle and heart. Contact transmission of the virus was 100 % efficient, although the mice in the contact group displayed milder symptoms, with the virus mainly being detected in the trachea and lungs. The isolation of a novel respirovirus from the Malayan pangolin provides new insight into the evolution and distribution of this important group of viruses and again demonstrates the potential infectious disease threats faced by endangered pangolins.
Topics: Animals; Endangered Species; Female; Genome, Viral; Mice; Pangolins; Phylogeny; Respirovirus; Respirovirus Infections
PubMed: 33843572
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001586 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Nov 2022Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is a recently emerging porcine respiratory virus that belongs to the genus Respirovirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. Since its first...
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is a recently emerging porcine respiratory virus that belongs to the genus Respirovirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. Since its first detection in Hong Kong, China in 2009, PRV1 has been subsequently identified in several American and European countries, suggesting that the emerging virus may have been globally distributed. However, in Asia, the virus has been reported only in China. Here, we report that PRV1 was first detected in pigs from 16 farms located in seven provinces across Korea, with a prevalence of 71.4% based on the tested oral fluid samples, suggesting that the virus is already widespread in Korean pig herds. For further genetic characterization of the Korean PRV1 strains, a complete genome and two F gene sequences were obtained from PRV1-positive samples collected from three different pig farms. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome and F gene sequences showed that all three Korean PRV1 strains were grouped into European lineage 1 and were closely related to strains from Hong Kong (China), Germany and Poland. We could not obtain evidence for the origin of Korean PRV1 because of the limited availability of PRV1 sequences. In conclusion, PRV1 was first identified in Korean pig herds and genetically characterized in the present study. These results contribute to a better understanding of the global geographical distribution and genetic characteristics of PRV1.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Phylogeny; Swine Diseases; Respirovirus; China; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 36174972
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14715 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jul 2020Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is an emerging virus in pigs that has been previously described in the USA and China. There are no reports of its presence in the rest of...
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is an emerging virus in pigs that has been previously described in the USA and China. There are no reports of its presence in the rest of the world. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of PRV1 in Chile and to determine its phylogeny. Thus, we collected samples (oral fluids, nasal swabs, and lungs) from a swine influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance program, most of which belonged to pigs with respiratory disease. The samples were analyzed by RT-PCR, and the viral sequencing was obtained using RNA whole-genome sequencing approach. Maximum likelihood phylogeny was constructed with the available references. Thirty-one of 164 samples (18.9 %) were RT-PCR positive for PRV1: 62.5 % oral fluids, 19.0 % nasal swabs, and 8.6 % lungs. All 6 farms in this study had at least one positive sample, with 6-40 % of positive results per farm, which suggests that PRV1 is disseminated in Chilean swine farms. Twenty-one of 31 (677%) PRV1-positive samples were also positive for IAV, so the role of PRV1 as secondary pathogen in respiratory disease needs to be further evaluated. Near to complete genome of two PRV1s were obtained from two farms. The phylogenies, in general, showed low bootstrap support, except the concatenated genome and the L gene trees which showed clustering of the Chilean PRV1 with Asian sequences, suggesting a close genetic relationship. This is the first report of PRV1 in the Southern Hemisphere. Further studies are necessary to determine the genetic diversity of this virus in Chile.
Topics: Animals; Chile; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Farms; Genome, Viral; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Respirovirus; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine; Swine Diseases; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 32605754
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108726 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2022is a rapidly growing family of viruses, whose potential for cross-species transmission makes it difficult to predict the harm of newly emerging viruses to humans and...
is a rapidly growing family of viruses, whose potential for cross-species transmission makes it difficult to predict the harm of newly emerging viruses to humans and animals. To better understand their diversity, evolutionary history, and co-evolution with their hosts, we analyzed a collection of porcine parainfluenza virus (PPIV) genomes to reconstruct the species classification basis and evolutionary history of the genus. We sequenced 17 complete genomes of porcine respirovirus 1 (also known as porcine parainfluenza virus 1; PPIV-1), thereby nearly tripling the number of currently available PPIV-1 genomes. We found that PPIV-1 was widely prevalent in China with two divergent lineages, PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b. We further provided evidence that a new species, porcine parainfluenza virus 2 (PPIV-2), had recently emerged in China. Our results pointed to a need for revising the current species demarcation criteria of the genus. In addition, we used PPIV-1 as an example to explore recombination and diversity of the genus. Interestingly, we only detected heterosubtypic recombination events between PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b with no intrasubtypic recombination events. The recombination hotspots highlighted a diverse geography-dependent genome structure of paramyxovirus infecting swine in China. Furthermore, we found no evidence of co-evolution between respirovirus and its host, indicating frequent cross-species transmission. In summary, our analyses showed that swine can be infected with a broad range of respiroviruses and recombination may serve as an important evolutionary mechanism for the genus' greater diversity in genome structure than previously anticipated. Livestock have emerged as critically underrecognized sources of paramyxovirus diversity, including pigs serving as the source of Nipah virus (NiV) and swine parainfluenza virus type 3, and goats and bovines harboring highly divergent viral lineages. Here, we identified a new species of genus named PPIV-2 in swine and proposed to revise the species demarcation criteria of the genus. We found heterosubtypic recombination events and high genetic diversity in PPIV-1. Further, we showed that genetic recombination may have occurred in the genus which may be associated with host range expansion. The continued expansion of genus diversity in livestock with relatively high human contact rates requires enhanced surveillance and ongoing evaluation of emerging cross-species transmission threats.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Genetic Variation; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Respirovirus; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35647875
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00242-22 -
Viruses Jul 2018In a globalized world, the threat of emerging pathogens plays an increasing role, especially if their zoonotic potential is unknown. In this study, a novel respirovirus,...
In a globalized world, the threat of emerging pathogens plays an increasing role, especially if their zoonotic potential is unknown. In this study, a novel respirovirus, family , was isolated from a Sri Lankan Giant squirrel (), which originated in Sri Lanka and deceased with severe pneumonia in a German zoo. The full-genome characterization of this novel virus, tentatively named Giant squirrel respirovirus (GSqRV), revealed similarities to murine (71%), as well as human respiroviruses (68%) with unique features, for example, a different genome length and a putative additional accessory protein. Congruently, phylogenetic analyses showed a solitary position of GSqRV between known murine and human respiroviruses, implicating a putative zoonotic potential. A tailored real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for specific detection of GSqRV confirmed a very high viral load in the lung, and, to a lesser extent, in the brain of the deceased animal. A pilot study on indigenous and exotic squirrels did not reveal additional cases in Germany. Therefore, further research is essential to assess the geographic distribution, host range, and zoonotic potential of this novel viral pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Germany; Phylogeny; Pilot Projects; Pneumonia, Viral; Respirovirus; Respirovirus Infections; Sciuridae; Sri Lanka; Viral Load; Zoonoses
PubMed: 30021939
DOI: 10.3390/v10070373 -
Molecular and Cellular Probes Oct 2018Bovine respirovirus 3 also known as Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) is one of the most important viral respiratory agents of both young and adult cattle. Rapid...
Bovine respirovirus 3 also known as Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) is one of the most important viral respiratory agents of both young and adult cattle. Rapid diagnosis could contribute greatly in containing epidemics and thus avoid economic losses. However, the lack of robust isothermal visual method poses difficulty. In this study, a novel isothermal assay for detecting BPIV3 was established. The method includes a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) assay combined with reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA). First, the analytical sensitivity and specificity of BPIV3 LFD RT-RPA were tested. The LFD RT-RPA assay has a detection limit of up to 100 copies per reaction in 30 min at 38 °C. Then the performance of LFD RT-RPA was evaluated using 95 clinical samples. Compared to qPCR, the LFD RT-RPA assay showed a clinical sensitivity of 94.74%, a clinical specificity of 96.05% and 0.8734 kappa coefficient. These results have demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of the method to be developed into a point of care protocol for the diagnosis of BPIV3.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Predictive Value of Tests; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Recombinases; Respirovirus; Reverse Transcription; Rheology; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 30138696
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.08.004 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Apr 2018We performed detailed genetic analyses of the partial hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene in 34 human respirovirus 3 (HRV3) strains from children with acute...
We performed detailed genetic analyses of the partial hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene in 34 human respirovirus 3 (HRV3) strains from children with acute respiratory illness during 2013-2015 in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. In addition, we performed analyses of the evolutionary timescale of the gene using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Furthermore, we analyzed pairwise distances and performed selective pressure analyses followed by linear B-cell epitope mapping and N-glycosylation and phylodynamic analyses. A phylogenetic tree showed that the strains diversified at around 1939, and the rate of molecular evolution was 7.6 × 10 substitutions/site/year. Although the pairwise distances were relatively short (0.03 ± 0.018 [mean ± standard deviation, SD]), two positive selection sites (Cys544Trp and Leu555Ser) and no amino acid substitutions were found in the active/catalytic sites. Six epitopes were estimated in this study, and three mouse monoclonal antibody binding sites (amino acid positions 278, 281, and 461) overlapped with two epitopes belonging to subcluster C3 strains. Bayesian skyline plot analyses indicated that subcluster C3 strains have been increasing from 2004, whereas subcluster C1 strains have declined from 2004. Based on these results, Iwate strains were divided into two subclusters and each subcluster evolved independently. Moreover, our results suggested that some predicted linear epitopes (epitopes 3 and 5) are candidates for an HRV3 vaccine motif. To better understand the details of the molecular evolution of HRV, further studies are needed.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Amino Acid Substitution; Bayes Theorem; Child; Child, Preschool; Evolution, Molecular; Female; HN Protein; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Phylogeny; Respirovirus; Respirovirus Infections
PubMed: 29408530
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.021 -
The Journal of Pediatrics Mar 1987
Topics: Acute Disease; Child, Preschool; Female; Glottis; Humans; Infant; Gammainfluenzavirus; Male; Orthomyxoviridae; Respirovirus
PubMed: 3029361
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80512-7 -
Microbiology and Immunology 2001A new role of the Paramyxovirus accessory proteins has been uncovered. The P gene of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae encodes accessory proteins including the V and/or C... (Review)
Review
A new role of the Paramyxovirus accessory proteins has been uncovered. The P gene of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae encodes accessory proteins including the V and/or C protein by means of pseudotemplated nucleotide addition (RNA editing) or by overlapping open reading frame. The Respirovirus (Sendai virus and human parainfluenza virus (hPIV)3) and Rubulavirus (simian virus (SV)5, SV41, mumps virus and hPIV2) circumvent the interferon (IFN) response by inhibiting IFN signaling. The responsible genes were mapped to the C gene for SeV and the V gene for rubulaviruses. On the other hand, wild type measles viruses isolated from clinical specimens suppress production of IFN, although responsible viral factors remain to be identified. Both human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs) counteract the antiviral effect of IFN with inhibiting neither IFN signaling nor IFN production. Bovine RSV NS1 and NS2 proteins cooperatively antagonize the antiviral effect of IFN. Studies on the molecular mechanism by which viruses circumvent the host IFN response will not only illustrate co-evolution of virus strategies of immune evasion but also provide basic information useful for engineering novel antiviral drugs as well as recombinant live vaccine.
Topics: Base Sequence; Humans; Interferons; Molecular Sequence Data; Respirovirus; Respirovirus Infections; Signal Transduction; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 11838896
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01315.x -
Molecular and Cell Biology of Human... 1995
Review
Topics: Animals; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Therapy; Humans; Liposomes; Respirovirus
PubMed: 9532561
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0547-7_4