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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2016This article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, and liver of calves from birth to 100 days of age. Reticular motility is... (Review)
Review
This article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, and liver of calves from birth to 100 days of age. Reticular motility is used to exemplify how the forestomach function in calves progresses and gradually approaches that of adult cattle. The ultrasonographic examination of the esophageal groove reflex and the investigation of factors affecting esophageal groove closure are described. The ultrasonographic findings of the forestomachs and abomasum of calves with ruminal drinker syndrome are discussed. The article concludes with the description of the ultrasonographic examination of the liver.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Liver; Omasum; Reticulum; Stomach, Ruminant; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 26922113
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.011 -
Archives of Pathology Mar 1946
Topics: Animals; Reticulum
PubMed: 21019992
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2021The aim of the current study was to investigate the relation between reticulorumen contractions and monitored cow behaviors. A purpose-built pressure measuring device...
The aim of the current study was to investigate the relation between reticulorumen contractions and monitored cow behaviors. A purpose-built pressure measuring device was used and shown to be capable of detecting the known contraction patterns in the reticulorumen of four rumen-fistulated cows. Reticular pressure data was used to build a random forest algorithm, a learning algorithm based on a combination of decision trees, to detect rumination and other cow behaviors. In addition, we developed a peak-detection algorithm for rumination based on visual inspection of patterns in reticular pressure. Cow behaviors, differentiated in ruminating, eating, drinking, sleeping and 'other', as scored from video observation, were used to develop and test the algorithms. The results demonstrated that rumination of a cow can be detected by measuring pressure differences in the reticulum using either the random forest algorithm or the peak-detection algorithm. The random forest algorithm showed very robust performances for detecting rumination with an accuracy of 0.98, a sensitivity of 0.95 and a specificity of 0.99. The peak-detection algorithm could detect rumination robustly, with an accuracy of 0.92, a sensitivity of 0.97 and a specificity of 0.90. In addition, we provide proof of principle that a random forest algorithm can also detect eating, drinking and sleeping behavior from the same data with performances above 0.90 for all measures. The measurement device used in this study needed rumen-fistulated cows, but the results indicate that behavior detection using algorithms based on only measurements in the reticulum is feasible. This is promising as it may allow future wireless sensor techniques in the reticulum to continuously monitor a range of important behaviors of cows.
Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Female; Pressure; Reticulum
PubMed: 34292996
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254410 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Mar 1994The reticulum and adjacent organs were examined ultrasonographically in 51 cows by use of a 3.5-MHz linear transducer applied to the ventral aspect of the thorax over...
The reticulum and adjacent organs were examined ultrasonographically in 51 cows by use of a 3.5-MHz linear transducer applied to the ventral aspect of the thorax over the sixth and seventh intercostal spaces. Examination included assessment of the contour of the reticulum, of reticular contractions, and of the organs adjacent to the reticulum. The normal reticulum appeared as a half-moon-shaped structure with a smooth contour; it contracted at regular intervals and was situated immediately adjacent to the diaphragm and ventral portion of the abdominal wall when relaxed. Contents of the reticulum could not normally be imaged because of its partly gaseous composition. The ruminoreticular groove, craniodorsal blind sac of the rumen, and the ventral sac of the rumen were observed caudally. The distal aspect of the spleen and parts of the omasum, abomasum, and liver could be imaged. Reticular motility was characterized by a biphasic contraction pattern. Four biphasic reticular contractions usually were observed during a 4-minute period. During the first (incomplete) contraction, the reticulum contracted by a mean of 7.2 +/- 2.30 cm. There was then low-grade, incomplete relaxation of the reticulum, followed immediately by the second reticular contraction, during which the reticulum usually disappeared from the 17.5-cm-deep screen. The reticulum then reappeared in its normal position. The first reticular contraction lasted a mean of 2.6 +/- 0.33 seconds and the second contraction lasted 3.9 +/- 0.55 seconds. The mean interval between 2 biphasic contractions was 44.9 +/- 10.53 seconds. The speed of the first reticular contraction was 5.4 +/- 1.32 cm/s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Reticulum; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 8192253
DOI: No ID Found -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Mar 2013This review article summarizes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum and intestines of goats. Ultrasonographic examination is done on... (Review)
Review
This review article summarizes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum and intestines of goats. Ultrasonographic examination is done on both sides with the goat in a standing position using a linear array or convex transducer with a frequency of 5.0 to 7.5 MHz. The shape, contour and motility of the reticulum are assessed; this organ appears as a crescent-shaped structure with a smooth contour immediately adjacent to the diaphragm. There are 0.8 to 2.1 reticular contractions per minute, which may be mono-, bi- and triphasic. The rumen is examined from the 8th to 12th intercostal spaces (ICSs) and flank on the left, and from the 12th ICS and flank on the right. The ruminal wall appears as a thick echoic line. The dorsal and ventral sacs of the rumen are differentiated based on the longitudinal groove, which forms an echoic notch. Differentiation of the dorsal gas cap, fibre mat and fluid layer is not always straightforward and varies among goats. The omasum is examined from the 6th to 11th ICSs on the right. Only the wall closest to the transducer can be imaged and it appears as a crescent-shaped echoic line medial to the liver. The omasal folds and the wall furthest from the transducer cannot be seen. In about two thirds of goats, active omasal motility is apparent as a transient reduction in size of several centimetres, followed by relaxation and return to its original size. There is an average of 1.1 contractions per minute. The abomasum is examined from the ventral midline and the left and right paramedian regions and can always be seen from the ventral midline. In all but a few goats the abomasum is also visible from the left and right paramedian areas. It appears as a heterogeneous, moderately echoic structure with echogenic stippling. The abomasal folds appear as prominent echoic bands in about two thirds of all goats. The small and large intestines are examined on the right from the 8th to the 12th ICSs. Loops of jejunum and ileum are seen mainly in cross-section and have a strong motility. The intestinal content is usually homogeneous and echoic and the diameter of the intestinal loops varies from 0.8 and 2.7 cm. The spiral colon and in many cases also the caecum can be imaged. The former is recognized by its garland-like appearance brought about by the centripetal and centrifugal coils of the intestine. In the spiral colon and the caecum, only the wall closest to the transducer can be imaged because of intraluminal gas. The wall appears as a thick echoic and slightly undulating line 5.6 to 8.0 cm in length. Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that is very well suited for the examination of the gastrointestinal tract of goats.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Gastrointestinal Motility; Goat Diseases; Goats; Intestinal Diseases; Intestines; Omasum; Reticulum; Rumen; Stomach Diseases; Stomach, Ruminant; Transducers; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 23454503
DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000441 -
Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan... 2020The histomorphological changes occurring in the Dama dama reticulum during prenatal development have been investigated. Twenty-five Dama dama embryos were used, from the...
The histomorphological changes occurring in the Dama dama reticulum during prenatal development have been investigated. Twenty-five Dama dama embryos were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. Differentiation of the reticulum was observed at 23% gestation. By 25% gestation the reticular wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. Primary reticular crests were visible at 38% gestation. Secondary reticular crests were observed at 61% gestation. Neuroendocrine cells were detected by synaptophysin (SYP) at 35% gestation, in the lamina propria-submucosa, tunica muscularis, and serosa. Epithelial Cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) cells were observed at 35% gestation extended throughout the epithelial layers. The glial cells (vimentin -VIM- and glial fibrillary acidic protein-GFAP-markers) were discerned at 25% and 43% gestation, respectively, in myenteric and submucosal plexuses, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, tunica muscularis, and perivascular connective tissue. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) markers were immunodetected at 75% and 80 gestation, respectively, in the lamina propria-submucosa, muscularis mucosae, tunica muscularis, serosa, and myenteric plexuses. The prenatal development of the fallow deer reticular mucosa evidenced a considerable precocity similar to that previously reported in goat and red deer.
Topics: Animals; Deer; Epithelial Cells; Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Keratin-18; Neuroendocrine Cells; Neuroglia; Neuropeptide Y; Peptides; Reticulum
PubMed: 32441442
DOI: 10.1111/asj.13319 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Mar 2011The reticulum plays a crucial role in the ruminant digestive tract because the primary cycle of rumen motility always starts with a reticular contraction. In contrast to...
BACKGROUND
The reticulum plays a crucial role in the ruminant digestive tract because the primary cycle of rumen motility always starts with a reticular contraction. In contrast to cattle, there are only few results on the ultrasonographic examination of the reticulum in goats. Therefore, it was the goal of the present study, to describe the results of ultrasonography of the reticulum of 30 healthy Saanen goats.
METHODS
Ultrasonography was carried out on standing, non-sedated animals using a 5.0 MHz linear transducer. The shape, contour and motility of the reticulum were investigated. A nine-minute video recording of the reticulum was made for each goat and the frequency, duration and amplitude of reticular contractions were calculated as described for cattle.
RESULTS
The reticulum appeared as a crescent-shaped structure with a smooth contour located immediately adjacent to the diaphragm. 0.8 to 2.1 (1.41 ± 0.31) reticular contractions were seen per minute. In all goats, biphasic reticular contractions were observed. 90% of the goats also had monophasic reticular contractions, and two had triphasic contractions. During the nine-minute observation periods, there were 0 to 6 monophasic reticular contractions and 6 to 15 biphasic contractions per goat. The duration of the biphasic contractions was 6.56 ± 0.74 s, which was significantly longer than the monophasic contractions at 4.31 ± 0.81 s. The average interval between two reticular contractions was 45.06 ± 12.57 s.
CONCLUSION
Ultrasonography of the reticulum in goats is a valuable tool to characterise the appearance and motility of this organ. In addition to the biphasic motility pattern seen in cattle the reticular motility of goats is characterized by monophasic reticular contractions. The results of the present study are an important contribution for better understanding of the reticular motility in goats.
Topics: Animals; Female; Goats; Peristalsis; Reticulum; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 21401932
DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-19 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 1991Aspects of drug disposition, metabolism, and toxicity in the ruminant animal are discussed, and illustrative examples are provided. The effects of the reticulo-rumen on... (Review)
Review
Aspects of drug disposition, metabolism, and toxicity in the ruminant animal are discussed, and illustrative examples are provided. The effects of the reticulo-rumen on drug disposition in the ruminant are highlighted.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Motility; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacokinetics; Reticulum; Rumen; Ruminants
PubMed: 1760752
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31076-8 -
The Veterinary Record Sep 1986
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Omasum; Reticulum; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 3765309
DOI: 10.1136/vr.119.10.254 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 1971A method for recording the motility of the reticulum in normal cattle has been devised. The method is based on measurement of the pressure variations occurring in...
A method for recording the motility of the reticulum in normal cattle has been devised. The method is based on measurement of the pressure variations occurring in connection with the reticular contractions. The pressure is transferred through open, water-filled catheters via a pressure transducer to an electromanometer, from which it is recorded with the aid of a mingograf. Mean values for the interval, duration and amplitude of the reticular contractions in 10 normal cows are given. The method permits recording in intact animals without any preliminary measures, and can therefore be used in clinical cases.
Topics: Animals; Catheterization; Cattle; Deglutition; Eructation; Esophagus; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Methods; Muscle Contraction; Pressure; Reticulum; Rumen; Transducers
PubMed: 5156230
DOI: 10.1186/BF03547732