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Viruses Apr 2023Retroviruses, especially the pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), have severely threatened human health for decades. Retroviruses can form stable... (Review)
Review
Retroviruses, especially the pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), have severely threatened human health for decades. Retroviruses can form stable latent reservoirs via retroviral DNA integration into the host genome, and then be temporarily transcriptional silencing in infected cells, which makes retroviral infection incurable. Although many cellular restriction factors interfere with various steps of the life cycle of retroviruses and the formation of viral latency, viruses can utilize viral proteins or hijack cellular factors to evade intracellular immunity. Many post-translational modifications play key roles in the cross-talking between the cellular and viral proteins, which has greatly determined the fate of retroviral infection. Here, we reviewed recent advances in the regulation of ubiquitination and SUMOylation in the infection and latency of retroviruses, focusing on both host defense- and virus counterattack-related ubiquitination and SUMOylation system. We also summarized the development of ubiquitination- and SUMOylation-targeted anti-retroviral drugs and discussed their therapeutic potential. Manipulating ubiquitination or SUMOylation pathways by targeted drugs could be a promising strategy to achieve a "sterilizing cure" or "functional cure" of retroviral infection.
Topics: Humans; Sumoylation; Ubiquitination; Retroviridae Infections; Viral Proteins; Retroviridae
PubMed: 37112965
DOI: 10.3390/v15040985 -
International Review of Cytology.... 1983
Review
Topics: Animals; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cloning, Molecular; DNA Tumor Viruses; Genes, Viral; Hepatitis B virus; Herpesviridae; Humans; Lymphoma; Neoplasms; Oncogenes; Papillomaviridae; Polyomaviridae; Retroviridae; Sarcoma Viruses, Murine; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 6303975
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-364376-6.50014-4 -
MBio Feb 2016A fascinating aspect of retroviruses is their tendency to nonrandomly incorporate host cell RNAs into virions. In addition to the specific tRNAs that prime reverse... (Review)
Review
A fascinating aspect of retroviruses is their tendency to nonrandomly incorporate host cell RNAs into virions. In addition to the specific tRNAs that prime reverse transcription, all examined retroviruses selectively package multiple host cell noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Many of these ncRNAs appear to be encapsidated shortly after synthesis, before assembling with their normal protein partners. Remarkably, although some packaged ncRNAs, such as pre-tRNAs and the spliceosomal U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), were believed to reside exclusively within mammalian nuclei, it was demonstrated recently that the model retrovirus murine leukemia virus (MLV) packages these ncRNAs from a novel pathway in which unneeded nascent ncRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm for degradation. The finding that retroviruses package forms of ncRNAs that are rare in cells suggests several hypotheses for how these RNAs could assist retrovirus assembly and infectivity. Moreover, recent experiments in several laboratories have identified additional ways in which cellular ncRNAs may contribute to the retrovirus life cycle. This review focuses on the ncRNAs that are packaged by retroviruses and the ways in which both encapsidated ncRNAs and other cellular ncRNAs may contribute to retrovirus replication.
Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Humans; Leukemia Virus, Murine; Mice; RNA, Nuclear; RNA, Untranslated; Retroviridae; Virion; Virus Assembly; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26861021
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02025-15 -
Advances in Virus Research 2000Retroviral vectors are widely used for preclinical and clinical applications. Unlike many of the other types of vectors currently being developed for gene therapy,... (Review)
Review
Retroviral vectors are widely used for preclinical and clinical applications. Unlike many of the other types of vectors currently being developed for gene therapy, retroviral vectors are able to genetically modify cells stably without perturbing cell growth. Retroviral vectors based on murine retroviruses are well suited for ex vivo applications where the cells are rapidly dividing. In particular, retroviral viral vectors have been used for a variety of ex vivo gene therapy approaches for treating genetic diseases such as Gaucher and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and for acquired diseases such as cancer and arthritis. However, recent advances in the production of retroviral vectors have allowed for their use in vivo such as for the treatment of cancer and human immunodeficiency virus. The ability to target retroviral vectors to specific cell types will also increase the utility of high titer retroviral vectors for in vivo applications. Clearly retroviral vectors have been extremely useful for both preclinical and clinical gene therapy studies, and it is likely that they will continue to be utilized for ex vivo and in vivo strategies in the future.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Retroviridae
PubMed: 11050956
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(00)55017-9 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 1992Reverse transcriptase sequences, which are fundamental to retrovirus existence, are widely distributed in the living world. Phylogenies based on their sequences set... (Review)
Review
Reverse transcriptase sequences, which are fundamental to retrovirus existence, are widely distributed in the living world. Phylogenies based on their sequences set vertebrate retroviruses apart as relatively modern creations. Their nearest evolutionary relatives are a large group of transposable elements that have all the standard retrovirus equipment except spliced envelope proteins. The distribution of these elements suggests a long-standing presence predating the radiation of plants, fungi, and animals. There is another large group of elements, LINEs, that also contain recognizable reverse transcriptase sequences and which likely diverged even earlier, as evidenced by their presence in trypanosomes and other protists. They lack tRNA priming sites--which they could have lost--but they do exhibit characteristic eukaryotic polyadenylation. These elements are problematic in that the sequences are so degenerate in most instances that it is not possible to identify the accessory enzymes or structural proteins with any confidence, leaving major gaps in our reconstruction of events. Even with these gaps, however, the historical beginnings of retroviruses can be traced back to events coincident with the prokaryotic invasion of primitive eukaryotes.
Topics: Biological Evolution; DNA Transposable Elements; Phylogeny; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Retroviridae
PubMed: 1376225
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77011-1_13 -
Current Opinion in Virology Oct 2011The emerging field of paleovirology aims to study the evolutionary age and impact of ancient viruses (paleoviruses) on host biology. Despite a historical emphasis on... (Review)
Review
The emerging field of paleovirology aims to study the evolutionary age and impact of ancient viruses (paleoviruses) on host biology. Despite a historical emphasis on retroviruses, paleoviral 'fossils' have recently been uncovered from a broad swathe of viruses. These viral imprints have upended long-held notions of the age and mutation rate of viruses. While 'direct' paleovirology relies on the insertion of viral genes in animal genomes, examination of adaptive changes in host genes that occurred in response to paleoviral infections provides a complementary strategy for making 'indirect' paleovirological inferences. Finally, viruses have also impacted host biology by providing genes hosts have domesticated for their own purpose.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Fossils; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Paleontology; Retroviridae; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 22003379
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.06.007 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Jun 2011The plasma membrane is the final barrier that enveloped viruses must cross during their egress from the infected cell. Here, we review recent insights into the cell... (Review)
Review
The plasma membrane is the final barrier that enveloped viruses must cross during their egress from the infected cell. Here, we review recent insights into the cell biology of retroviral assembly and release; these insights have driven a new understanding of the host proteins, such as the ESCRT machinery, that are used by retroviruses to promote their final separation from the host cell. We also review antiviral host factors such as tetherin, which can directly inhibit the release of retroviral particles. These studies have illuminated the role of the lipid bilayer as the unexpected target for virus restriction by the innate immune response.
Topics: Antigens, CD; Antiviral Agents; Cell Line; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; GPI-Linked Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; HIV-1; Humans; Retroviridae; Virus Assembly; Virus Release
PubMed: 21677686
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2596 -
Reviews in Medical Virology 2001Retrovirology emerged as a branch of science at the beginning of the last century. However, a deeper insight into the pathology of retroviruses and retrovirus-induced... (Review)
Review
Retrovirology emerged as a branch of science at the beginning of the last century. However, a deeper insight into the pathology of retroviruses and retrovirus-induced cancers could only be gained after the advent of modern biochemical and molecular biological techniques in the 1970s and 1980s. This study gives an overview of the known and well-characterised exogenous oncogenic animal retroviruses and the only human oncoretrovirus discovered thus far, HTLV-1. It briefly reviews retrovirus genetics, mechanisms of oncogenic transformation and malignant diseases caused by retroviruses.
Topics: Animals; Cell Transformation, Viral; Deltaretrovirus Infections; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Humans; Oncogenes; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections
PubMed: 11746999
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.331 -
Viruses Oct 2020The 11th International Retroviral Nucleocapsid and Assembly Symposium was held August 15-17, 2019, on the campus of Northeastern University [...].
The 11th International Retroviral Nucleocapsid and Assembly Symposium was held August 15-17, 2019, on the campus of Northeastern University [...].
Topics: Congresses as Topic; Humans; Nucleocapsid; Retroviridae; Virion; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 33142691
DOI: 10.3390/v12111243 -
The Journal of General Virology Dec 1999
Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Receptors, Virus; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 10567635
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-12-3049