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Advances in Cancer Research 1988
Review
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Child; HIV; Humans; Retroviridae
PubMed: 3066146
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60225-0 -
Virus Research Jun 2004Bang and Ellerman, and later Peyton Rous, reported the first identification of transmissible cancer-causing agents, which later turned out to be avian retroviruses.... (Review)
Review
Bang and Ellerman, and later Peyton Rous, reported the first identification of transmissible cancer-causing agents, which later turned out to be avian retroviruses. Today avian retroviruses are important models for study of retrovirus replication and pathogenesis, and also important pathogens of domestic fowl. Here we describe the use of RNA interference (RNAi) in live chick embryos to block replication of an avian retrovirus. We also describe inhibition of ASLV and HIV replication in cell culture with RNAi.
Topics: Animals; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Chick Embryo; Electroporation; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genetic Therapy; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Retroviridae; Transfection; Virus Replication
PubMed: 15068881
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.01.016 -
AIDS (London, England) Feb 1988
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Animals; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Genes, Viral; HIV; Humans; Primates; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections; Serotyping
PubMed: 2833904
DOI: 10.1097/00002030-198802000-00001 -
The Journal of General Virology Dec 1998
Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nucleic Acid Conformation; RNA, Double-Stranded; RNA, Viral; Retroviridae
PubMed: 9880000
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-12-2877 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 1996Retroviral diagnostics have become standard in human laboratory medicine. While current emphasis is placed on the human exogenous viruses (human immunodeficiency virus... (Review)
Review
Retroviral diagnostics have become standard in human laboratory medicine. While current emphasis is placed on the human exogenous viruses (human immunodeficiency virus and human T-cell leukemia virus), evidence implicating human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in various human disease entities continues to mount. Literature on the occurrence of HERVs in human tissues and cells was analyzed. Substantial evidence documents that retrovirus particles were clearly demonstrable in various tissues and cells in both health and disease and were abundant in the placenta and that their occurrence could be implicated in some of the reproductive diseases. The characteristics of HERVs are summarized, mechanisms of replication and regulation are outlined, and the consistent hormonal responsiveness of HERVs is noted. Clear evidence implicating HERV gene products as participants in glomerulonephritis in some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus is adduced. Data implicating HERVs as etiologic factors in reproductive diseases, in some of the autoimmune diseases, in some forms of rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue disease, in psoriasis, and in some of the inflammatory neurologic diseases are reviewed. The current major needs are to improve methods for HERV detection, to identify the most appropriate HERV prototypes, and to develop diagnostic reagents so that the putative biologic and pathologic roles of HERVs can be better evaluated.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Gammaretrovirus; Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle; Genome, Viral; HIV-1; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Humans; Mice; Proviruses; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections
PubMed: 8665478
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.9.1.72 -
Current Opinion in Structural Biology Apr 2011Retroviral replication depends on successful integration of the viral genetic material into a host cell chromosome. Virally encoded integrase, an enzyme from the DDE(D)... (Review)
Review
Retroviral replication depends on successful integration of the viral genetic material into a host cell chromosome. Virally encoded integrase, an enzyme from the DDE(D) nucleotidyltransferase superfamily, is responsible for the key DNA cutting and joining steps associated with this process. Insights into the structural and mechanistic aspects of integration are directly relevant for the development of antiretroviral drugs. Recent breakthroughs have led to biochemical and structural characterization of the principal integration intermediates revealing the tetramer of integrase that catalyzes insertion of both 3' viral DNA ends into a sharply bent target DNA. This review discusses the mechanism of retroviral DNA integration and the mode of action of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors in light of the recent visualization of the prototype foamy virus intasome, target DNA capture and strand transfer complexes.
Topics: Animals; Catalytic Domain; Chromosomes, Mammalian; Computer Simulation; HIV-1; Integrases; Models, Molecular; Nucleoproteins; Protein Conformation; Proviruses; Retroviridae; Spumavirus; Virus Integration
PubMed: 21277766
DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2010.12.005 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 1990The elucidation of complete genomic sequences from a wide variety of retroviruses and retrotransposons has allowed the construction of sequence-based phylogenies that... (Review)
Review
The elucidation of complete genomic sequences from a wide variety of retroviruses and retrotransposons has allowed the construction of sequence-based phylogenies that reveal their evolutionary history. True retroviruses, whether exogenous or endogenous, tend to cluster into four major groups. Not only is there no distinction between exogenous and endogenous viruses, but their evolutionary limb lengths on the phylogenetic trees are comparable. This can be taken as evidence favoring a dynamic equilibrium balancing a constant invasion of germlines by infectious retroviruses on the one hand, with subsequent escape of endogenous viruses to alternative hosts on the other. Retroviruses share a common ancestry with a wide variety of retrotransposons and other reverse transcriptase-bearing entities. One of these retrotransposon groups, the Gypsy group, resembles the Moloney mouse group of retroviruses much more closely than it does other retroviruses. The simplest explanation is that the evolutionary rate of the retrotransposon is much slower than the retrovirus rate and that among the retroviruses the Moloney mouse group has been evolving more slowly than the other three groups, leaving the two short-limbed taxa more similar. The alternative explanation that these two groups actually shared a common ancestor more recently than has either with the other retrovirus groups is not supported by residue-by-residue character assessment.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Humans; Phylogeny; Retroviridae
PubMed: 2203607
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75218-6_1 -
Current Problems in Dermatology 1990
Review
Topics: HIV-1; HIV-2; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2; Humans; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell; Lymphoma; Mycosis Fungoides; Retroviridae; Sezary Syndrome; Skin Neoplasms; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 2404684
DOI: 10.1159/000418076 -
Nature Communications Nov 2023Retrovirus integration into a host genome is essential for productive infections. The integration strand transfer reaction is catalyzed by a nucleoprotein complex...
Retrovirus integration into a host genome is essential for productive infections. The integration strand transfer reaction is catalyzed by a nucleoprotein complex (Intasome) containing the viral integrase (IN) and the reverse transcribed (RT) copy DNA (cDNA). Previous studies suggested that DNA target-site recognition limits intasome integration. Using single molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET), we show prototype foamy virus (PFV) intasomes specifically bind to DNA strand breaks and gaps. These break and gap DNA discontinuities mimic oxidative base excision repair (BER) lesion-processing intermediates that have been shown to affect retrovirus integration in vivo. The increased DNA binding events targeted strand transfer to the break/gap site without inducing substantial intasome conformational changes. The major oxidative BER substrate 8-oxo-guanine as well as a G/T mismatch or +T nucleotide insertion that typically introduce a bend or localized flexibility into the DNA, did not increase intasome binding or targeted integration. These results identify DNA breaks or gaps as modulators of dynamic intasome-target DNA interactions that encourage site-directed integration.
Topics: DNA, Viral; Integrases; Retroviridae; Spumavirus; DNA, Complementary; Virus Integration
PubMed: 37923737
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42641-4 -
Virology Dec 2007Transspecies transmission is common among retroviruses, although the consequences of the transmission are very different. Some transspecies transmissions have resulted... (Review)
Review
Transspecies transmission is common among retroviruses, although the consequences of the transmission are very different. Some transspecies transmissions have resulted in fatal diseases in the new host while others have remained asymptomatic. Some retroviruses are apathogenic in the original species, but pathogenic in a new host and others can be pathogenic or apathogenic in both species. In some cases, endogenization of the retrovirus in the new host has been observed but in others not, while some transmitted retroviruses exist in both forms. Although in most cases transspecies transmission has been observed in one direction only, bidirectional transmissions of caprine and ovine lentiviruses have recently been described. Studies on newly reported natural and experimental transspecies transmissions of the koala retrovirus (KoRV) may help to understand such events.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections; Species Specificity
PubMed: 17870141
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.026