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STAR Protocols Jun 2021Regulating gene expression through retroviral infection has been widely used in mouse bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to test the capacity of self-renewal, as well as...
Regulating gene expression through retroviral infection has been widely used in mouse bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to test the capacity of self-renewal, as well as multi-lineage differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, it remains challenging to achieve high transduction efficiency in bone marrow cells as transduction of these cells subsequently leads to transplantation failure. Here, we present a modified protocol to overcome this issue, enabling reproducible and high-efficient retroviral transduction of HSPCs for BMT. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Yang et al. (2019).
Topics: Allografts; Animals; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Mice; Retroviridae; Transduction, Genetic
PubMed: 33851142
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100459 -
Virology Jan 2006Retroviral mutagenesis has been used as a powerful tool to discover genes involved in oncogenesis through a technique called Common Insertion Site (CIS) analysis where...
Retroviral mutagenesis has been used as a powerful tool to discover genes involved in oncogenesis through a technique called Common Insertion Site (CIS) analysis where tumors are induced by proviral integrations and the genomic loci of the proviruses are identified. A fundamental assumption made in this analysis is that multiple proviral insertions in close proximity occurring more frequently than would be predicted randomly provides evidence that the genes near the integrations are involved in the formation of the tumors. We demonstrate here using data derived from MLV integrations not put under selection for tumor induction that CIS analysis as currently defined is often not a sufficient argument for a gene's significance in tumorigenesis.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Leukemia Virus, Murine; Models, Biological; Neoplasms; Recombination, Genetic; Retroviridae; Virus Integration
PubMed: 16271739
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.047 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 1978
Review
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Base Sequence; Gammaretrovirus; Genes, Viral; Oligonucleotides; RNA, Viral; Recombination, Genetic; Retroviridae; Transfection; Visna-maedi virus
PubMed: 206411
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66853-1_3 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 1996
Review
Topics: Microscopy, Electron; Retroviridae; Virion
PubMed: 8791723
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80145-7_1 -
Harvey Lectures
Review
Topics: Genes, Viral; Lysogeny; Nucleoproteins; Proviruses; Retroviridae
PubMed: 3334139
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Veterinary Science and... 1988This introductory chapter has presented an overview of how retroviruses replicate and how they are classified within the family Retroviridae. The genomic structure of... (Review)
Review
This introductory chapter has presented an overview of how retroviruses replicate and how they are classified within the family Retroviridae. The genomic structure of retroviruses, so reminiscent of bacterial transposons and other similar genetic elements, and reverse transcriptase, which leads to the reverse flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA, are responsible for many of the properties of these viruses which make them both fascinating and important as causes of cancer and other diseases. The requirement for integration shared by most retroviruses leads directly to most of the phenomena resulting from their interaction with target cells. Certainly latency, at the level of the organism, is one such property relevant to how we think of vaccines and therapeutic reagents. The ability of retroviruses to acquire oncogenes from cellular DNA has greatly facilitated our understanding of the genetics of neoplasia. Additionally, the use of retroviral vectors to introduce new genes into genetically defective animals is a consequence of the genetic organization of retroviruses. Classification of viruses at the species level is difficult for several reasons. In particular, viruses do not sexually reproduce in any conventional sense, and it is difficult to identify a population of virions which make up a genetically distinct pool. Thus, the definition of individual species is often controversial and is not necessarily aided by the criteria used to define larger phylogenetic groups. In the latter case, retroviruses have distinctive morphological and biochemical features which allow their classification at the family, subfamily, genus, and subgenus levels. Additional classification occurs by accounting for factors such as host range, cross neutralization, ability to compete in interspecies radioimmunoassays, and genetic homology detected by hybridization under conditions of relaxed stringency. Direct comparison of nucleotide sequences offers the hope that mathematical criteria will be developed that can define the level of differences characteristic of individual species, genuses, and subfamilies.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Deltaretrovirus; Genes, Viral; Humans; Leukemia Virus, Murine; Oncogenes; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA, Viral; Retroviridae; Sarcoma Viruses, Murine; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 2847500
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039232-2.50005-0 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Aug 2001Retrovirus-based vectors provide an efficient means to introduce and express genes in cells of the immune system and have become a popular tool to study immune function.... (Review)
Review
Retrovirus-based vectors provide an efficient means to introduce and express genes in cells of the immune system and have become a popular tool to study immune function. They are easy to manipulate and provide stable, long-term gene expression because they integrate into the genome. Current retroviral vectors do have limitations that affect their usefulness in certain applications. However, recent advances suggest a number of ways in which these vectors might be improved to extend their utility in immunological research.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression; Genetic Markers; Genetic Vectors; Genome, Viral; Humans; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Retroviridae; Transduction, Genetic; Virulence
PubMed: 11498308
DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00247-8 -
Neuron Jul 1988
Review
Topics: Animals; Genetic Vectors; Neurobiology; Neurons; Retroviridae
PubMed: 3078410
DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(88)90184-5 -
Trends in Microbiology Jun 1996
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Animals; Deltaretrovirus; Genetic Variation; HIV; Humans; Retroviridae; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; Virulence
PubMed: 8795156
DOI: 10.1016/0966-842X(96)81543-5 -
Society of Reproduction and Fertility... 2010Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are present in the genome of all vertebrates and are remnants of ancient exogenous retroviral infections of the host germline transmitted... (Review)
Review
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are present in the genome of all vertebrates and are remnants of ancient exogenous retroviral infections of the host germline transmitted vertically from generation to generation. Sheep betaretroviruses offer a unique model system to study the complex interaction between retroviruses and their host. The sheep genome contains 27 endogenous betaretroviruses (enJSRVs) related to the exogenous and pathogenic Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), the causative agent of a transmissible lung cancer in sheep. The enJSRVs can protect their host against JSRV infection by blocking early and late steps of the JSRV replication cycle. In the female reproductive tract, enJSRVs are specifically expressed in the uterine luminal and glandular epithelia as well as in the conceptus (embryo and associated extraembryonic membranes) trophectoderm and in utero loss-of-function experiments found the enJSRVs envelope (env) to be essential for conceptus elongation and trophectoderm growth and development. Collectively, available evidence in sheep and other mammals indicate that ERVs coevolved with their hosts for millions of years and were positively selected for biological roles in genome plasticity and evolution, protection of the host against infection of related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and placental development.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Retroviridae; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 21755665
DOI: No ID Found