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Viruses Mar 2023A decade-long neglect of rhinovirus as an important agent of disease in humans was primarily due to the fact that they were seen as less virulent and capable of causing... (Review)
Review
A decade-long neglect of rhinovirus as an important agent of disease in humans was primarily due to the fact that they were seen as less virulent and capable of causing only mild respiratory infections such as common cold. However, with an advent of molecular diagnostic methods, an increasing number of reports placed them among the pathogens found in the lower respiratory tract and recognized them as important risk factors for asthma-related pathology in childhood. As the spread of rhinovirus was not severely affected by the implementation of social distancing and other measures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, its putative pathogenic role has become even more evident in recent years. By concentrating on children as the most vulnerable group, in this narrative review we first present classification and main traits of rhinovirus, followed by epidemiology and clinical presentation, risk factors for severe forms of the disease, long-term complications and the pathogenesis of asthma, as well as a snapshot of treatment trials and studies. Recent evidence suggests that the rhinovirus is a significant contributor to respiratory illness in both high-risk and low-risk populations of children.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Rhinovirus; COVID-19; Common Cold; Respiratory Tract Infections; Asthma; Enterovirus Infections; Risk Factors; Picornaviridae Infections
PubMed: 37112805
DOI: 10.3390/v15040825 -
Frontiers in Pediatrics 2021Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the leading cause of common colds. With the development of new molecular methods since the 2000s, HRVs have been increasingly involved... (Review)
Review
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the leading cause of common colds. With the development of new molecular methods since the 2000s, HRVs have been increasingly involved among severe clinical infections. Recent knowledge of the HRV genetic characteristics has also improved the understanding of their pathogenesis. This narrative review aims to provide a current comprehensive knowledge about this virus in the pediatric community. HRVs represent a main cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children. HRV is the second virus involved in bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and HRV bronchiolitis has a higher risk of recurrent wheezing episode or asthma. Some recent findings described HRVs in stools, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid, thanks to new molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by detecting HRVs with high sensibility. However, the high rate of asymptomatic carriage and the prolonged excretion in postsymptomatic patients complicate interpretation. No sufficient data exist to avoid antibiotic therapy in pediatric high-risk population with HRV detection. Severe clinical presentations due to HRVs can be more frequent in specific population with chronic pathology or genetic particularity. Inflammatory response is mediated by the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B pathway and production of interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-gamma, interleukin 8 (IL8), and IL1b. No specific treatment or antiviral therapy exists, although research is still ongoing. Nowadays, in addition to benign diseases, HRVs are recognized to be involved in some severe clinical presentations. Recent advances in genetic knowledge or specific inflammatory response may lead to specific treatment.
PubMed: 33829004
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.643219 -
Cureus Mar 2022The occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in pediatric patients is considered a rare complication that can follow certain viral infections in a syndrome better defined as...
The occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in pediatric patients is considered a rare complication that can follow certain viral infections in a syndrome better defined as virus-associated rhabdomyolysis. In this research, we will present the case of a ten-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency department with chief complaints of severe bilateral leg pain and inability to walk. Furthermore, the patient complained of dysphagia for both solid and liquid along with dark-colored urine. Initial investigations showed an increase in creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), and liver enzymes. Additionally, urine analysis was obtained with positive traces of blood, protein, and white blood cell. X-ray was ordered with no significant finding. Finally, the diagnosis was reached in accordance to the results of the respiratory panel multiplex (PCR) as the third case of rhinovirus-induced rhabdomyolysis. He was treated with isotonic intravenous fluids, and he was discharged on hospital day 20 with a CK of 2062 IU/L. The patient was discharged fully recovered, was able to stand and walk alone, and with no complications. In this third to be reported case of rhinovirus-induced rhabdomyolysis, we aim to increase the knowledge among the general pediatric field regarding the possible presentation and treatment of any similar case.
PubMed: 35371843
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22784 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2019
Topics: Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Reverse Genetics; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 30383231
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy630 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2018
Topics: Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 29684193
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy233 -
Open Forum Infectious Diseases Oct 2022Rhinoviruses (RVs) are among the most frequently detected viruses from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infections, being classified into RV-A, RV-B,...
BACKGROUND
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are among the most frequently detected viruses from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infections, being classified into RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C (4 clades: C, GAC1, GAC2, and A2). This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and respiratory tract illness severity between the RV species and RV-C clades in children in primary care and hospital settings in rural communities in the Philippines.
METHODS
Clinical samples and information of children <5 years old in the Philippines were collected from 2014 to 2016. The samples were tested by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the 5'-untranslated region. PCR-positive samples were sequenced, and RV species were identified by phylogenetic analysis.
RESULTS
Overall, 3680 respiratory tract illness episodes in 1688 cohort children were documented; 713 of those were RV positive and identified as RV-A (n = 271), RV-B (n = 47), and RV-C (n = 395: C [n = 76], GAG1 [n = 172], GAG2 [n = 8], A2 [n = 138], and unidentified [n = 1]). Severe illnesses, low oxygen saturation, cough, and wheezing were more common in patients with RV-C, especially with GAC1, than in those with RV-A or RV-B. Furthermore, severe illness was significantly more common in RV-C (GAC1)-positive cases than in RV-A-positive cases (odds ratio, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.17-4.13]).
CONCLUSIONS
Children infected with RV-C had more severe illnesses than children infected with RV-A and RV-B. Moreover, emerging clades of RV-C were associated with increased severity.
PubMed: 36267245
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac387 -
Viruses Jul 2023Rhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in...
Rhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in Bulgaria, and little is known about the different RV genotypes circulating in the country. This study aims to investigate the diversity of RV genotypes that were circulating in Bulgaria in the period 2018-2021 in samples from ILI/ARI patients. Genotype assignment was based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 5' untranslated region and the VP4-VP2 region. Out of a total of 1385 nasopharyngeal swabs tested, 166 were RV-positive (RV detection rate: 11.99% (166/1385)). Those with a cycle threshold <25 were selected for genotyping (n = 63). RV isolates were successfully genotyped and classified into 34 genotypes within (RV-A) (RV-B) and (RV-C) species. Presumptive recombination events between the 5'UTR and VP4-VP2 regions were detected in three of the isolates. RV-A and RV-C were the prevalent RV species, with significantly more frequent detections of RV-A in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the post-pandemic period, when RV-C prevailed. The present study is the first to determine RV genotypes in Bulgaria and the circulation of RV-C has been described for the first time in the country.
Topics: Humans; Rhinovirus; Phylogeny; Bulgaria; Pandemics; Picornaviridae Infections; COVID-19; Genotype; Enterovirus Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; 5' Untranslated Regions
PubMed: 37515294
DOI: 10.3390/v15071608 -
Journal of Investigative Medicine High... 2017A 22-year-old Asian woman presented with respiratory distress, cough, and wheezing for 1 week. Prior history included asthma and Turner syndrome. On presentation to the...
A 22-year-old Asian woman presented with respiratory distress, cough, and wheezing for 1 week. Prior history included asthma and Turner syndrome. On presentation to the emergency department, the patient was hypotensive, tachycardic, tachypneic, with an oxyhemoglobin saturation in the mid 80% range while breathing ambient air. Chest radiograph revealed pulmonary vascular congestion and a left lower lobe infiltrate. Endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressors were initiated. Empiric therapy for community-acquired pneumonia was administered utilizing broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. Routine sputum culture was negative for pathogens. Nasopharyngeal swab submitted for multiplex amplified nucleic acid testing yielded enterovirus-human rhinovirus (EV-HRV). Thus, the diagnosis of EV-HRV pneumonia complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was established. Multiple attempts to wean from the ventilator were unsuccessful, and a tracheostomy was performed. This report highlights EV-HRV as a cause of severe ARDS and prolonged respiratory failure in adults.
PubMed: 28904980
DOI: 10.1177/2324709617728526 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Jan 2023We determine the presence and diversity of rhinoviruses in nasopharyngeal swab samples from 248 individuals who presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) at a...
We determine the presence and diversity of rhinoviruses in nasopharyngeal swab samples from 248 individuals who presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) at a university clinic in the Southwest United States between October 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021. We identify at least 13 rhinovirus genotypes (A11, A22, A23, A25, A67, A101, B6, B79, C1, C17, C36, and C56, as well a new genotype [AZ88**]) and 16 variants that contributed to the burden of ILI in the community. We also describe the complete capsid protein gene of a member (AZ88**) of an unassigned rhinovirus A genotype.
Topics: Humans; Rhinovirus; Respiratory Tract Infections; Universities; Picornaviridae Infections; Enterovirus Infections; Virus Diseases; Genotype
PubMed: 36168937
DOI: 10.1111/irv.13057 -
Pediatrics International : Official... Sep 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Coinfection; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Rhinovirus; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33963633
DOI: 10.1111/ped.14582