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Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Oct 2010Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are among the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. However, the differential roles of the three HRV species...
BACKGROUND
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are among the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. However, the differential roles of the three HRV species HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C in pediatric CAP are not fully understood.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the distribution of HRV species and their roles in children hospitalized with CAP in Beijing, China.
STUDY DESIGN
Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected between April 2007 and March 2008 from 554 children with a primary diagnosis of CAP. HRVs in the clinical samples were detected by RT-PCR and by sequencing. Infections with other respiratory viruses were identified by PCR.
RESULTS
HRVs were detected in 99 patients (17.87%). Among these patients, 51.52% tested positive for HRV-A, 38.38% for HRV-C, and 10.10% for HRV-B. HRVs were detected throughout the study period. The monthly distribution of HRV infections varied with HRV species. Median age, gender, symptoms, severity, and duration of hospitalization for single HRV-C infections were similar to those observed for single HRV-A infections. Co-infections with other respiratory viruses were detected in 57.58% of the HRV-positive children. HRV/RSV dual infections were correlated with a higher frequency of shortness of breath (HRV-A group, P(2 tail)= 0.01; HRV-C group, P(2 tail) = 0.015) and lower median ages (HRV-A group, P(2 tail) = 0.049; HRV-C group, P(2 tail) = 0.009).
CONCLUSION
Our study shows that HRV-C strains circulate at a prevalence intermediate between HRV-A and HRV-B. The severity of clinical manifestations for HRV-C is comparable to that for HRV-A in children with CAP. These findings point to an important role of both HRV-A and HRV-C in pediatric CAP.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Community-Acquired Infections; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Nasopharynx; Picornaviridae Infections; Pneumonia, Viral; Prevalence; RNA, Viral; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rhinovirus; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 20728404
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.07.013 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2018The overall non-neutralizing antibody responses against EV infections among infants and children remain unknown. The non-neutralizing antibody responses against VP1 of...
The overall non-neutralizing antibody responses against EV infections among infants and children remain unknown. The non-neutralizing antibody responses against VP1 of EV-A species (Enterovirus 71 (EV71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16)), EV-B species (Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3)), EV-C species (Poliovirus 1 (PV1)) and RV-A species (Rhinovirus A N13 (RV13)) were detected and analyzed using a novel evolved immunoglobulin-binding molecule (NEIBM)-based ELISA among infants and children aged 1 day to 6 years in Shanghai. The anti-VP1 reactivity against these EVs changed similarly in an age-related dynamic: being high level in the 1-28-day age group, declining to the lowest level in the 1-12-month age group, gradually increasing to the peak level in the 13-60-month age group, and remarkably declining in the 61-72-month age group, which reflects the conversion from maternally-derived to primary antibody responses. The anti-RV13 VP1 antibodies were demonstrated at the highest level, with anti-CB3 and PV1 VP1 antibodies at the second highest level and anti-CA16 and EV71 VP1 antibodies at the lowest level. These findings are the first to describe the overall non-neutralizing antibody responses against VP1 of the EV-A, B, C and RV-A viruses among the infants and children and could be helpful for further understanding the ubiquitous EV infections among children.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Capsid Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Enterovirus; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Recombinant Proteins
PubMed: 29615683
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23683-x -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Nov 2020Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause respiratory tract disease in children and adults. Here we show that the innate immune signaling...
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause respiratory tract disease in children and adults. Here we show that the innate immune signaling protein STING is required for efficient replication of members of two distinct RV species, RV-A and RV-C. The host factor activity of STING was identified in a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen and confirmed in primary human small airway epithelial cells. Replication of RV-A serotypes was strictly dependent on STING, whereas RV-B serotypes were notably less dependent. Subgenomic RV-A and RV-C RNA replicons failed to amplify in the absence of STING, revealing it to be required for a step in RNA replication. STING was expressed on phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P)-enriched membranes and was enriched in RV-A16 compared with RV-B14 replication organelles isolated in isopycnic gradients. The host factor activity of STING was species-specific, as murine STING (mSTING) did not rescue RV-A16 replication in STING-deficient cells. This species specificity mapped primarily to the cytoplasmic, ligand-binding domain of STING. Mouse-adaptive mutations in the RV-A16 2C protein allowed for robust replication in cells expressing mSTING, suggesting a role for 2C in recruiting STING to RV-A replication organelles. Palmitoylation of STING was not required for RV-A16 replication, nor was the C-terminal tail of STING that mediates IRF3 signaling. Despite co-opting STING to promote its replication, interferon signaling in response to STING agonists remained intact in RV-A16 infected cells. These data demonstrate a surprising requirement for a key host mediator of innate immunity to DNA viruses in the life cycle of a small pathogenic RNA virus.
Topics: Carrier Proteins; Common Cold; Enterovirus; HeLa Cells; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; Lipoylation; Membrane Proteins; Mutation; Protein Domains; Signal Transduction; Species Specificity; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33060297
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014940117 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Jul 2020
Topics: Asthma; Child; Enterovirus; Humans; Lymphocytes; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 32240597
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0634ED -
JAMA Pediatrics Jun 2019Rhinovirus infection in early life, particularly with allergic sensitization, is associated with higher risks of developing recurrent wheeze and asthma. While emerging... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
IMPORTANCE
Rhinovirus infection in early life, particularly with allergic sensitization, is associated with higher risks of developing recurrent wheeze and asthma. While emerging evidence links different rhinovirus species (eg, rhinovirus C) to a higher severity of infection and asthma exacerbation, to our knowledge, little is known about longitudinal associations of rhinovirus C infection during infancy with subsequent morbidities.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of different viruses (respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], rhinovirus species) in bronchiolitis with risks of developing recurrent wheeze.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This multicenter prospective cohort study of infants younger than 1 year who were hospitalized for bronchiolitis was conducted at 17 hospitals across 14 US states during 3 consecutive fall to winter seasons (2011-2014).
EXPOSURES
Major causative viruses of bronchiolitis, including RSV (reference group) and 3 rhinovirus species (rhinovirus A, B, and C).
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Development of recurrent wheeze (as defined in national asthma guidelines) by age 3 years.
RESULTS
This analytic cohort comprised 716 infants who were hospitalized for RSV-only or rhinovirus bronchiolitis. The median age was 2.9 months (interquartile range, 1.6-3.8 months), 541 (76%) had bronchiolitis with RSV only, 85 (12%) had rhinovirus A, 12 (2%) had rhinovirus B, and 78 (11%) had rhinovirus C infection. Overall, 231 (32%) developed recurrent wheeze by age 3 years. In the multivariable Cox model, compared with infants with RSV-only infection, the risk of recurrent wheeze was not significantly different in those with rhinovirus A or B (rhinovirus A: hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% CI, 0.86-1.88; rhinovirus B: HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.51-3.77; both P > .10). By contrast, infants with rhinovirus C had a significantly higher risk (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.08-2.32). There was a significant interaction between virus groups and IgE sensitization on the risk of recurrent wheeze (P for interaction < .01). Only infants with both rhinovirus C infection and IgE sensitization (to food or aeroallergens) during infancy had significantly higher risks of recurrent wheeze (HR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.20-7.61). Furthermore, compared with RSV-only, rhinovirus C infection with IgE sensitization was associated with significantly higher risks of recurrent wheeze with subsequent development of asthma at age 4 years (HR, 4.06; 95% CI, 1.17-14.1).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This multicenter cohort study of infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis demonstrated between-virus differences in the risk of developing recurrent wheeze. Infants with rhinovirus C infection, along with IgE sensitization, had the highest risk. This finding was driven by the association with a subtype of recurrent wheeze: children with subsequent development of asthma.
Topics: Asthma; Biomarkers; Bronchiolitis, Viral; Child, Preschool; Coxsackievirus Infections; Enterovirus; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Infant; Male; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30933255
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0384 -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Dec 2023Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) infection is a common cause of exacerbations in pediatric patients with asthma. However, the effects of corticosteroids on HRV-induced... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) infection is a common cause of exacerbations in pediatric patients with asthma. However, the effects of corticosteroids on HRV-induced exacerbations in pediatric asthma are unknown. We conducted a prospective observational study to determine the viral pathogens in school-age pediatric inpatients with asthma exacerbations. We assessed the effects of maintenance inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on the detection rates of HRV species and treatment periods of systemic corticosteroids during exacerbations on pulmonary lung function after exacerbations.
METHODS
Nasopharyngeal samples and clinical information were collected from 59 patients with asthma exacerbations between April 2018 and March 2020. Pulmonary function tests were carried out 3 months after exacerbations in 18 HRV-positive patients. Changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV)% predicted from baseline in a stable state were compared according to the treatment periods of systemic corticosteroids.
RESULTS
Fifty-four samples collected from hospitalized patients were analyzed, and viral pathogens were identified in 45 patients (83.3%) using multiplex PCR assay. HRV-A, -B, and -C were detected in 16 (29.6%), one (1.9%), and 16 (29.6%) patients, respectively. The detection rates of HRV-C were lower in the ICS-treated group compared with those in the ICS-untreated group (p = 0.01), whereas maintenance ICS treatment did not affect the detection rate for viral pathogens in total and HRV-A. Changes in FEV% predicted in patients treated with systemic corticosteroids for 6-8 days (n = 10; median, 4.90%) were higher than those in patients treated for 3-5 days (n = 8; median, - 10.25%) (p = 0.0085).
CONCLUSIONS
Maintenance ICS reduced the detection rates of HRV (mainly HRV-C) in school-age inpatients with asthma exacerbations, and the treatment periods of systemic corticosteroids during exacerbations affected lung function after HRV-induced exacerbations. The protective effects of corticosteroids on virus-induced asthma exacerbations may be dependent upon the types of viral pathogen.
Topics: Child; Humans; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Rhinovirus; Inpatients; Administration, Inhalation; Asthma; Adrenal Cortex Hormones
PubMed: 38053068
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02798-6 -
FASEB Journal : Official Publication of... Jan 2021Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is a major cause of common cold, bronchiolitis, and exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases such as asthma. CD8 T cell responses likely play...
Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is a major cause of common cold, bronchiolitis, and exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases such as asthma. CD8 T cell responses likely play an important role in the control of HRV infection but, surprisingly, HRV-specific CD8 T cell epitopes remain yet to be identified. Here, we approached the discovery and characterization of conserved HRV-specific CD8 T cell epitopes from species A (HRV A) and C (HRV C), the most frequent subtypes in the clinics of various pulmonary diseases. We found IFNγ-ELISPOT positive responses to 23 conserved HRV-specific peptides on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 14 HLA I typed subjects. Peptide-specific IFNγ production by CD8 T cells and binding to the relevant HLA I were confirmed for six HRV A-specific and three HRV C-specific CD8 T cell epitopes. In addition, we validated A*02:01-restricted epitopes by DimerX staining and found out that these peptides mediated cytotoxicity. All these A*02:01-restricted epitopes were 9-mers but, interestingly, we also identified and validated an unusually long 16-mer epitope peptide restricted by A*02:01, HRVC (GLEPLDLNTSAGFPYV). HRV-specific CD8 T cell epitopes describe here are expected to elicit CD8 T cell responses in up to 87% of the population and could be key for developing an HRV vaccine.
Topics: CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Enterovirus; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Female; HLA-A2 Antigen; Humans; Male; Peptides; Picornaviridae Infections; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 33230881
DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002165R -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2017Expression vectors that are based on live human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are attractive, yet often overlooked in vaccine development due to their limited capacity for foreign...
Expression vectors that are based on live human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are attractive, yet often overlooked in vaccine development due to their limited capacity for foreign gene inserts and poor genetic stability. This chapter describes a novel methodology to engineer a replication-competent genetically stable recombinant HRV (rHRV) without affecting viral replication capability. We have previously used these methods to generate live, genetically stable recombinant HRVs encoding HIV Gag and Tat proteins (rHRV-Gag-Tat), a potential mucosally targeted HIV vaccine.
Topics: Enterovirus; Genetic Vectors; HeLa Cells; Humans; Virus Replication; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
PubMed: 28374250
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6869-5_11 -
British Medical Journal May 1965
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Common Cold; Humans; Rhinovirus; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 14278839
DOI: No ID Found